Asthma is an inflammatory disorder caused by airway exposures to allergens and chemical irritants. Studies focusing on immune, smooth muscle, and airway epithelial function revealed many aspects of the disease mechanism of asthma. However, the limited efficacies of immune-directed therapies suggest the involvement of additional mechanisms in asthmatic airway inflammation. TRPA1 is an irritant-sensing ion channel expressed in airway chemosensory nerves. TRPA1-activating stimuli such as cigarette smoke, chlorine, aldehydes, and scents are among the most prevalent triggers of asthma. Endogenous TRPA1 agonists, including reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products, are potent drivers of allergen-induced airway inflammation in asthma. Here, we examined the role of TRPA1 in allergic asthma in the murine ovalbumin model. Strikingly, genetic ablation of TRPA1 inhibited allergen-induced leukocyte infiltration in the airways, reduced cytokine and mucus production, and almost completely abolished airway hyperreactivity to contractile stimuli. This phenotype is recapitulated by treatment of wild-type mice with HC-030031, a TRPA1 antagonist. HC-030031, when administered during airway allergen challenge, inhibited eosinophil infiltration and prevented the development of airway hyperreactivity. Trpa1 ؊/؊ mice displayed deficiencies in chemically and allergen-induced neuropeptide release in the airways, providing a potential explanation for the impaired inflammatory response. Our data suggest that TRPA1 is a key integrator of interactions between the immune and nervous systems in the airways, driving asthmatic airway inflammation following inhaled allergen challenge. TRPA1 may represent a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of asthma and other allergic inflammatory conditions. airway hyperreactivity ͉ TRP channel ͉ TRPA1

[reaction: see text] The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of potassium aryltrifluoroborates with benzylic halides occurs in good yield with high functional group tolerance. The increased stability of potassium aryltrifluoroborates compared to other boron coupling partners makes this an effective route to functionalized methylene-linked biaryl systems.

Inadequately treated acute pain is a global healthcare problem that causes significant patient suffering and disability, risk of chronicity, increased resource utilization, and escalating healthcare costs. Compounding the problem is the lack of adequate instruction in acute pain management available in medical schools worldwide. Incorporating acute pain diagnosis and management as an integral part of the medical school curriculum will allow physicians to develop a more comprehensive, compassionate approach to treating patients with acute pain syndromes and should be considered a healthcare imperative. In this article, we review the current status of pain education in educational institutions across the world, focusing on achievements, lacunae, and inadequacies. We appeal to all concerned--pain management specialists, health educators, and policymakers--to consider incorporating education on acute pain and its management at undergraduate medical levels in an integrated manner.

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Nivolumab can cause or worsen dry eye disease to the point of corneal perforation. Given that its antitumor effect is immune-mediated, therapies targeting ocular surface inflammation can be effective for stabilizing dry eye disease in patients who continue treatment with Nivolumab.

Topical 5% imiquimod cream is an effective option as primary or adjunct therapy in the treatment of periocular melanoma in situ.

Electromagnetic image guidance is a stereotactic surgical navigation system that provides additional intraoperative flexibility in orbital surgery. Electromagnetic image-guidance offers the ability to perform more aggressive orbital decompressions with reduced risk.

Purpose: We report a case of acutely presenting mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body in a 29-year-old female who reported waking up with swollen eyelids of the right eye and light-perception vision. The affected eye had elevated intraocular pressure, a flat anterior chamber, and a pale, round mass arising from the nasal ciliary body, invading the angle and protruding into the visual axis posterior to the lens. Within days, the visual acuity decreased to no light perception. The eye was enucleated. Methods: The enucleated eye harbored a tumor arising from the ciliary body, measuring 18 mm in the greatest dimension. Spindled cells with fibrillary cytoplasmic processes suggested a neural origin though negative for S-100, Melan-A, and HMB-45. The cells stained strongly positive for smooth muscle actin and vimentin, leading to the diagnosis of mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body. Results: We review the literature to expand upon the clinical findings, diagnostic methods, and histopathologic and immunohistochemistry characteristics of mesectodermal leiomyoma. Conclusion: Leiomyoma must be in the differential diagnosis for ciliary body mass, especially in women of reproductive age. Diagnosis relies on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The mechanism of acute symptom onset may be multifactorial. This case emphasizes the possibility of acute presentation of a rare, benign intraocular tumor.