Model‐based fuel design can tailor fuels to advanced engine concepts while minimizing environmental impact and production costs. A rationally designed ketone‐ester‐alcohol‐alkane (KEAA) blend for high efficiency spark‐ignition engines was assessed in a multi‐disciplinary manner, from production cost to ignition characteristics, engine performance, ecotoxicity, microbial storage stability, and carbon footprint. The comparison included RON 95 E10, ethanol, and two previously designed fuels. KEAA showed high indicated efficiencies in a single‐cylinder research engine. Ignition delay time measurements confirmed KEAA's high auto‐ignition resistance. KEAA exhibits a moderate toxicity and is not prone to microbial infestation. A well‐to‐wheel analysis showed the potential to lower the carbon footprint by 95 percent compared to RON 95 E10. The findings motivate further investigations on KEAA and demonstrate advancements in model‐based fuel design.

Micrococcus luteus naturally produces alkenes, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, and represents a promising host to produce hydrocarbons as constituents of biofuels and lubricants. In this work, we identify the genes for key enzymes of the branched-chain amino acid catabolism in M. luteus, whose first metabolic steps lead also to the formation of primer molecules for branched-chain fatty acid and olefin biosynthesis, and demonstrate how these genes can be used to manipulate the production of specific olefins in this organism. We constructed mutants of several gene candidates involved in the branched-chain amino acid metabolism or its regulation and investigated the resulting changes in the cellular fatty acid and olefin profiles by GC/MS. The gene cluster encoding the components of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex was identified by deletion and promoter exchange mutagenesis. Overexpression of the BCKD gene cluster resulted in about threefold increased olefin production whereas deletion of the cluster led to a drastic reduction in branched-chain fatty acid content and a complete loss of olefin production. The specificities of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of the branched amino acid degradation pathways were deduced from the fatty acid and olefin profiles of the respective deletion mutant strains. In addition, growth experiments with branched amino acids as the only nitrogen source were carried out with the mutants in order to confirm our annotations. Both the deletion mutant of the BCKD complex, responsible for the further degradation of all three branched-chain amino acids, as well as the deletion mutant of the proposed isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (specific for leucine degradation) were not able to grow on leucine in contrast to the parental strain. In conclusion, our experiments allow the unambigous assignment of specific functions to the genes for key enzymes of the branched-chain amino acid metabolism of M. luteus. We also show how this knowledge can be used to engineer the isomeric composition and the chain lengths of the olefins produced by this organism.

Microbial activity is the driving force of the carbon cycle, including the digestion of biomass in the soil, oceans, and oil deposits. This natural diversity of microbial carbon sources poses challenges for humans. Contamination monitoring can be difficult in oil tanks and similar settings. To assess microbial activity in such industrial settings, off-gas analysis can be employed by considering growth and non-growth-associated metabolic activity. In this work, we describe the monitoring of CO 2 as a method for measuring microbial activity. We revealed that the CO 2 signal corresponds to classical growth curves, exemplified by Pseudomonas fluorescens, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Deviations of the CO 2 signal from the growth curves occurred when the yield of biomass on the substrate changed (i.e., the non-growth-associated metabolic activities). We monitored CO 2 to track the onset of microbial contamination in an oil tank. This experimental setup was applied to determine the susceptibility of heating oil and biodiesel to microbial contamination long before the formation of problematic biofilms. In summary, the measurement of CO 2 production by bacteria, yeasts, and molds allowed the permanent monitoring of microbial activity under oil storage conditions without invasive sampling.

Background: The natural production of olefins (unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons) by certain bacterial genera represents an alternative and sustainable source of biofuels and lubricant components. The biochemical steps of olefin biosynthesis via the ole pathway encoded by oleABCD have been unraveled recently, and the occurrence of olefins has been reported for several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. However, the distribution and diversity of olefins among the Gram-positive bacteria has not been studied in detail. Results:We report the distribution of olefin synthesis gene clusters in the bacterial domain and focus on the olefin composition and the determinants of olefin production within the phylum of Actinobacteria. The olefin profiles of numerous genera of the Micrococcales order were analyzed by GC/MS. We describe for the first time olefin synthesis in representatives of the genera Pseudarthrobacter, Paenarthrobacter, Glutamicibacter, Clavibacter, Rothia, Dermacoccus, Kytococcus, Curtobacterium, and Microbacterium. By exchange of the native ole genes of Micrococcus luteus with the corresponding genes of actinobacteria producing different olefins, we demonstrate that the olefin composition can be manipulated with respect to chain length and isomer composition. Conclusions:This study provides a catalogue of the diversity of olefin structures found in the Actinobacteria. Our ole gene swapping data indicate that the olefin structures are fundamentally determined by the substrate specificity of OleA, and at the same time by the availability of a sufficient supply of suitable fatty acyl-CoA substrates from cellular fatty acid metabolism. This makes OleA of Gram-positive bacteria a promising target for structural analysis and protein engineering aiming to generate olefin chain lengths and isomer profiles which are designed to match the requirements of various industrial applications.

Since 2008, European and German legislative initiatives for climate protection and reduced dependency on fossil resources led to the introduction of biofuels as CO 2 -reduced alternatives in the heating oil sector. In the case of biodiesel, customers were confronted with accelerated microbial contaminations during storage. Since then, other fuel alternatives, like hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVOs), gas-to-liquid (GtL) products, or oxymethylene ether (OME) have been developed. In this study, we use online monitoring of microbial CO 2 production and the simulation of onset of microbial contamination to investigate the contamination potential of fuel alternatives during storage. As references, fossil heating oil of German refineries are used. Biodiesel blends with fossil heating oils confirmed the promotion of microbial activity. In stark contrast, OMEs have an antimicrobial effect. The paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch products and biogenic hydrogenation products demonstrate to be at least as resistant to microbial contamination as fossil heating oils despite allowing a diversity of representative microbes. Through mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and microbial sequencing, we can discuss fuel properties that affect microbial contaminations. In summary, novel, non-fossil heating oils show clear differences in microbial resistance during long-term storage. Designing blends with an intrinsic resistance against microbial contamination and hence reduced activity might be an option.

Since 2008, legislative initiatives for climate protection and reduced dependency on fossil resource imports led to the introduction of biofuels as CO2-reduced alternatives in the heating oil sector. In the case of biodiesel, the oil industry or its customers were confronted with accelerated and escalating microbial contaminations during heating oil storage. Since then, other fuel alternatives, like hydrogenated vegetable oils, gas-to-liquid products (GtL), or Oxymethylenether (OME) have been or will be developed and potentially introduced to the market. In this study, we use online monitoring of microbial CO2 production and the simulation of onset of microbial contamination to investigate the contamination potential of fuel alternatives during storage. As reference and blends, fossil heating oils of various refineries, in the course of this from various crude oils, and refinery processes reveal considerable variation in potential microbial activity. Oxymethylene ethers have an antimicrobial effect, while various forms of biodiesel confirm the promotion of microbial activity and diversity. The paraffinic Fischer-Tropsch products and biogenic hydrogenation products demonstrate high resistance to microbial contamination despite allowing microbial diversity. Through an array of analytics, including advanced chromatography coupled mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and microbial sequencing, we can discuss critical fuel properties that promote or inhibit microbial contaminations. In summary, novel, non-fossil heating oils show different strengths and weaknesses for long-term storage. Designing blends for microbial activity reduced long-term storage might be an option. While being niche products, these fuels will contribute to the rapid reduction of fossil resource use.