The Palaearctic complex of anthidiine bees closely related to Pseudoanthidium scapulare has long been a source of unresolved taxonomic and systematic issues. Until now, the number of species in the complex and their geographical distributions were largely unclear, thus complicating the compilation of accurate species checklists and hindering conservation efforts. In order to address these issues, we use morphology and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences, combined with a thorough examination of the relevant literature and type material, to delimit species within this complex, assign names to species and clarify geographical ranges. An unexpected result was that a certain number of morphologically distinct taxa exhibited low levels of genetic divergence at the COI locus, resulting in species paraphyly. A set of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) was also sequenced in order to further investigate relationships among these taxa. One morphologically distinct species was also paraphyletic using UCE data, hinting at recent species divergences and genetic exchange at zones of contact between morphologically well-differentiated taxa. The results of our study reveal the presence of ten species in this complex, including a previously overlooked species for western continental Europe. A complete diagnosis of the males and females of these species is provided, as are maps detailing the geographic distributions of each. An illustrated identification key to the males and females of each species is presented. Two new species are described, Pseudoanthidium kaspareki sp. nov. and P. rozeni sp. nov. New synonymy is established for several species and Pseudoanthidium palestinicum and P. tropicum are raised to species level. The new combination, Icteranthidium floripetum comb. nov. is also established. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Anthidium eversmanni, A. floripetum, A. frontale, A. karakalense, A. nanum and A. reptans. Previously unpublished lectotype designations are published here for A. sinuatum and A. tenellum.
Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 is the eastern honeybee species distributed throughout Asia from the tropical climate in the southern part to the temperate climate in the northern part. We sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of A. cerana from Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai of the Russian Far East and uploaded it to the database GenBank (AP018450). MtDNA sequence has 15,919 bp length, AT-content 84% and GC-content 16% and contains 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, one AT-rich region and four non-coding intergenic regions (NC1-4). All proteincoding genes start with ATT and ATG codons, except for ATC, the start codon of the ATP8 gene, which and stop with the common stop codons TAA and TAG. A comparative analysis of complete mtDNA of A. cerana from China, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Russia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Japan found that the Russian Far East Apis cerana differed from others on the subspecies level. Based on the comparative analysis of complete mtDNA (~16,000 bp), nuclear DNA (nDNA) gene Vitellogenin (VG) (~4,100 bp) and morphological measurements (six parameters), we assumed that the Russian Far-East A. cerana can be a distinct northern Asia population and can be described as a separate unique subspecies of A. c. ussuriensis subsp. nov. A. c. koreana subsp. nov. is also validated and described as a new subspecies.
All presently available information about bees of the genus Hylaeus F. in Central Asia is summarized. Seventy species are currently known from this area. Ten new species are described: Hylaeus gissariensis Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), H. karagandicus Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Kazakhstan), H. kirgisicus Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan), H. klausnitzeri Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan), H. michaelis Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan), H. murgabensis Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), H. pamirensis Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), H. petzi Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), H. piotris Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan), and H. rushanicus Dathe & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan). In addition, the male of H. punctiventris Morawitz, 1876 is described for the first time.—Twenty species are newly recorded from Central Asia: Hylaeus alexandrinus (Warncke, 1992), H. annulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), H. araxanus (Warncke, 1981), H. brevicornis Nylander, 1852, H. cardioscapus Cockerell, 1924, H. dorni Dathe, 1986, H. gredleri Förster, 1871, H. kozlovi Dathe & Proshchalykin, 2016, H. leleji Proshchalykin & Dathe, 2016, H. lineolatus (Schenck, 1861), H. longimaculus (Alfken, 1936), H. mellon Dathe & Proshchalykin, 2016, H. meridionalis Förster, 1871, H. moricei (Friese, 1898), H. nimbatus Dathe, 1986, H. paulus Bridwell, 1919, H. pesenkoi Proshchalykin & Dathe, 2016, H. rugicollis Morawitz, 1874, H. stubbei Dathe, 1986 and H. tsingtauensis (Strand, 1915).—New synonymy has been established for Hylaeus arenarius Morawitz, 1876 (= Prosopis cinerea Warncke, 1992, syn. nov.), Hylaeus ferghanicus Morawitz, 1876 (= H. kuhlmanni Dathe, 2010, syn. nov.) and Hylaeus punctiventris Morawitz, 1876 (= H. atrocallosus Morawitz, 1893, syn. nov.). Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) alexandrinus (Warncke, 1992) and Hylaeus (Prosopis) stellatus (Warncke, 1992) are introduced as new combinations.—Keys to most species known from Central Asia are provided.
An annotated checklist of the Chrysididae from Mongolia is provided. A revision of the bibliographical data is provied, since most of the collecting localities published for “Mongolia” refer to places currently located in China. The known Mongolian cuckoo wasp fauna counts 90 species in 18 genera and two subfamilies. Four genera and 57 species are recorded for the first time, including two species here described as new for science: Cleptes mongolicus Rosa, Halada & Agnoli, sp. nov. (Dornod) and Spinolia spinosa Rosa & Halada, sp. nov. (Bayankhongor).
Eighteen species of the bee genus Sphecodes are recorded from the Russian Far East. Sphecodes orientalis Astafurova & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. is described from Primorskiy Territory, Jewish Autonomous Province, Khabarovsk Territory and Sakhalin. Five species: S. laticaudatus Tsuneki 1983, S. nippon Meyer 1922, S. okuyetsu Tsuneki 1983, S. simillimus Smith 1873, and S. tanoi Tsuneki 1983 are recorded for the first time from Russia. Six species: S. albilabris (Fabricius 1793), S. cristatus Hagens 1882, S. longulus Hagens 1882, S. miniatus Hagens 1882, S. monilicornis (Kirby 1802), and S. puncticeps Thomson 1870 are newly recorded from the Russian Far East. New synonymy has been established for S. crassus Thomson 1870 (=S. dyozankeanus Tsuneki 1983, syn. nov.; =S. ohdeyamanus Tsuneki 1984, syn. nov.); S. ferruginatus Hagens 1882 (=S. koikensis Tsuneki 1983, syn. nov.; =S. hanedai Tsuneki 1983, syn. nov.); S. geoffrellus (Kirby 1802) (=S. silvicola Tsuneki 1983, syn. nov.); S. tanoi Tsuneki 1983 (=S. coptis Tsuneki 1983, syn. nov.); S. longulus Hagens 1882 (=S. amakusensis Yasumatsu et Hirashima 1951, syn. nov.); S. scabricollis Wesmael 1835 (=S. sibiricus Cockerell, 1924, syn. nov.). Illustrated key to males and females of all species known from the Russian Far East are provided.
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