4Grebenshchikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry (ISCh) RAS, 2 Adm. Makarova emb., St Petersburg 199155, Russia; anfimova-i@mail.ru (I.A.); antr2@yandex.ru (T.A.) Abstract: Nanocomposite membranes have been actively developed in the last decade. The involvement of nanostructures can improve the permeability, selectivity, and anti-fouling properties of a membrane for improved filtration processes. In this work, we propose a novel type of ion-selective Glass/Au composite membrane based on porous glass (PG), which combines the advantages of porous media and promising selective properties. The latter are achieved by depositing gold nanoparticles into the membrane pores by the laser-induced liquid phase chemical deposition technique. Inside the pores, gold nanoparticles with an average diameter 25 nm were formed, which was confirmed by optical and microscopic studies. To study the transport and selective properties of the PG/Au composite membrane, the potentiometric method was applied. The uniform potential model was used to determine the surface charge from the experimental data. It was found that the formation of gold nanoparticles inside membrane pores leads to an increase in the surface charge from −2.75 mC/m 2 to −5.42 mC/m 2 . The methods proposed in this work allow the creation of a whole family of composite materials based on porous glasses. In this case, conceptually, the synthesis of these materials will differ only in the selection of initial precursors.Nanocomposite membranes have been actively developed in the last decade [17]. The involvement of nanostructures can improve the permeability, selectivity, and anti-fouling properties of a membrane for improved filtration processes. One of the most promising approaches to producing such composite materials is the formation of nanoparticles inside the porous structure of a membrane. As with nanotechnology in general [18], there are two main methods [17] for the formation of nanoparticles inside the membranous pores: "top down"-bulk modification through blending (called mixed-matrix membranes) and "bottom up"-surface modification. In the fabrication of bulk-modified nanocomposite membranes, the nanoparticles are dispersed in a homogeneous polymeric precursor solution before the final formation process [19]. However, this method is difficult to use, for example, in the synthesis of inorganic solid membranes. The surface modification technique is the most convenient method in this case [11]. The surface modification technique deals with deposition of nanoparticles onto a membrane.Silicate (high silica) porous glasses (PGs) are channel-type nanostructures [20] with thermal, chemical and microbiological stability, in combination with controlled surface structural characteristics [21][22][23]. Special attention is worth paying to the PG application for the separation of liquid mixtures by reverse osmosis. This method has found application in water desalination, sanitary household water cleaning, water regeneration from vital function products in space, radioactive ...
A brief review of modern methods for creating materials for enzymeless microbiosensors intended for express analysis of the content of components of biological fluids, including human blood, has been made. New directions of the synthesis of such materials have been described: laser ablation (PLD) and laser-induced deposition (LCLD). The comparison of laser methods for the synthesis of materials of non-enzymatic microbiosensors with the known methods for creating nanostructured materials has been carried out. Using bimetallic LCLD microtracks as an example, the mechanism of enhancing the electrochemical response of the sensor to the content of glucose and hydrogen peroxide in complex organic and biological mixtures has been shown. It is associated with the creation of nano- and microstructured materials with a highly developed surface, on which there are extended boundaries of the interphase contact zones. This creates numerous activated acid-base centers. They facilitate the transfer of charge from the oxidizing agent to the reducing agent in the solution in contact with the sensor surface. A comparison of the sensory properties of microcomposite bimetallic deposits synthesized by the laser method and their analogs synthesized by traditional methods has been carried out. The advantages of laser methods for the synthesis of microcomposite sensor-active materials are discussed: the miniature size of the sensors, the possibility of using inexpensive metals instead of precious ones, the environmental friendliness of the methods, and the absence of the need to pre-activate the surface
The development of an algorithm to automate the process of measuring the magnetic properties of macroscopic objects in motion is an important problem in various industries, especially in ferrous metallurgy and at factories where ferrous scrap is a strategic raw material. The parameter that requires work control is the hidden mass fraction of a non-magnetic substance that is present in the ferromagnetic raw material. The solution to this problem has no prototypes. In our work, a simple measuring device and a mathematical algorithm for calculating the mass fraction of the non-magnetic fraction in a strongly magnetic matrix were developed. The device is an inductance coil, in which the angle of the electromagnet losses is related to the mass of the magnetic material moving the coil. The magnitude of the instantaneous values of the lost angle integral was compared with the result of weighing the object on scales. This allowed us to calculate the proportion of the magnetic and non-magnetic fractions. The use of this prototype is herein illustrated. The experimental results of the determination of the magnetic-fractional composition depending on the mass of scrap metal and its bulk and the magnetic characteristics are presented.
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