Abstract. Energy efficiency building envelopes (walls, floors, facades) should meet the requirements of regulatory documents. The main attention is paid to structural and technological activities aimed at increasing the thermal resistance of protections. Estimates of the thermal stability of the wall are required for realization of high thermal resistance of the wall structure. The object of study is a simple model of the building envelope. It has been shown that the increased thermal conductivity, thermal resistance does not always provide the steady-state temperature faces the wall. Research method is based on the analysis of the properties of the Cauchy problem. In this article it is found out the connection between the active (thermal resistance) and reactive (accumulation) resistance enclosure on the model of one-dimensional wall.Аннотация. Энергоэффективность ограждающих конструкций (стен, перекрытий, фасадов) должна соответствовать требованиям нормативных документов. В настоящее время основное внимание уделяется конструктивно-технологическим мероприятиям, направленных на увеличение термического сопротивления ограждений. Реализация повышенного термического сопротивления стеновой конструкции требует оценок термической устойчивости стены. Объектом исследования является многослойная ограждающая конструкция. Показано, что повышенное термическое сопротивление теплопроводности не всегда обеспечивает стационарность температур граней стены. В работе описывается важность следующих факторов: оптимизация температурно-влажностного режима стен; влияние включений на величину потерь теплоты; влияние двойных фасадов на тепловые потери; эффективность применения новых теплоизоляционных материалов на термическое сопротивление и энергоэффективность. В данной статье выясняется связь между активным (термическое сопротивление) и реактивным (аккумуляция) сопротивлениями ограждения на модели одномерной стенки.
Abstract. In this article the possibility of heat accumulator use in one of the buildings of SPBSTU was analyzed. The use of this accumulator could lower the hot water demand. To complete the goal it was assumed that there is an additional café with defined working hours. Different kinds of heat collecting materials were studied: water, red brick, concrete and granite. Depending on charging time of the heat accumulator, the results of the heat gaining abilities of different materials were made. As a result it was calculated that single-phased accumulating materials should not be used as heat collectors in public buildings.
The article is devoted to forecasting changes in the number of people employed in the economy of the Russian Federation, which should occur as a result of the effects of the pension reform in 2018 and also the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The demographic forecast of the population of the Russian Federation until 2030 is used as the dominant forecasting factor. The influencing factors on the process dynamics are the employment levels. The forecast of employment levels is based on the factors of the pension reform in 2018 and the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The following trends are also being demonstrated: an increase in employment due to ”former” pensioners remaining in work, and a decline in employment due to an increase in the number of unemployed because of coronavirus pandemic. For the duration of the pension reform, the economy’s annual need for human resources will decrease. This will cause difficulties in finding a job for the majority of applicants – graduates of the vocational education system. The situation will be further aggravated by rising unemployment due to the reduction of jobs in the economy caused by the coronavirus pandemic.
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