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Reactive dye fixation and color yield of a dyed cellulosic fiber significantly depend on the dye diffusion into the fiber polymer system. In case of pad‐dyeing processes, dye diffusion exerts a more significant influence on dye fixation and hence color yield. This article proposes a new method for determining the extent of diffusion of reactive dyes into the fiber in pad dyeings using Kubelka–Munk equation. The K/S values are used as in an equation, %D (extent of dye diffusion) = 100 − [(K/Sdiffusion index)/ (K/Sreference) × 100]. The article introduces and explains how to determine the new K/S variables used in this equation. The new method is simple, nondestructive, relatively faster, and applicable to industrial dyehouses, and was validated by a microscopic analysis of dyed fiber cross‐section carried out in this work and to the dye manufacturer's recommendations for dyebath‐ingredient concentrations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 63–69, 2014

This paper presents results on the use of trisodium nitrilo triacetate, a biodegradable alkaline organic salt, for pad-steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes as a replacement for conventionally used inorganic electrolyte and alkali. Two widely used dyes, CI Reactive Red 147 and CI Reactive Blue 250, were used in the study. The colour yield, dye fixation and ultimate colour fastness achieved by using trisodium nitrilo triacetate were closely comparable with those obtained by using inorganic electrolyte and alkali. The tensile breaking force and wrinkle recovery angle of the dyed fabrics were also measured and were slightly improved when using organic salt. Additionally, the dyeing effluent showed reductions in total dissolved solids content with trisodium nitrilo triacetate.

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