Asthma is one of the most prevalent and costly chronic conditions in the United States, which cannot be cured. However, accurate and timely surveillance data could allow for timely and targeted interventions at the community or individual level. Current national asthma disease surveillance systems can have data availability lags of up to two weeks. Rapid progress has been made in gathering nontraditional, digital information to perform disease surveillance. We introduce a novel method of using multiple data sources for predicting the number of asthma-related emergency department (ED) visits in a specific area. Twitter data, Google search interests, and environmental sensor data were collected for this purpose. Our preliminary findings show that our model can predict the number of asthma ED visits based on near-real-time environmental and social media data with approximately 70% precision. The results can be helpful for public health surveillance, ED preparedness, and targeted patient interventions.
Bagenal et al. (2) recognized that the drop of immature fruit from a healthy tree was increased by chemical sprays applied to control pests. They observed that "lime-sulphur" (calcium polysulfide) induced excessive drop of young apples. The first conscious attempts at chemical elimination of flowers were made by Auchter and Roberts (1). Several of the common spray materials of that era were used in their tests and included calcium and sodium polysulfide, copper sulfate, oil emulsion, and zinc sulfate. In many instances, prebloom applications of these materials not only killed the flowers but also injured the spur tissues and foliage. The tar distillates, when applied at the cluster bud stage, were the most effective in preventing fruit set. The main object of early work on chemical thinning was to find a practical method of entirely preventing fruit set on certain apple cultivars. In 1940, promising results were reported in reducing fruit set with a commercial preparation of dinitrocyclohexylphenol (32).
The cytokinin activities of extracts of organs developed from the apple fruit bud were compared using the carrot phloem bioassay, and the identity of the cytokinins in the apple fruitlet was investigated. The activity of apple fruitlet extracts was slightly greater than the activity of pedicel extracts, and considerably greater than the activities of extracts of other organs. Extracts of the developing seeds of fruitlets were much more active than extracts of fruitlet flesh. Apple fruitlet extracts contained three principal cytokinins. One was identified as a 6‐(substituted amino)purine and was either zeatin or some very closely related compound. The two other cytokinins exhibited the chromatographic behaviour of zeatin riboside and zeatin ribotide. A cytokinin extracted from vegetative apple shoots was chromatographically indistinguishable from zeatin.
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