Background: Anemia is the net result of decreased red blood cell (RBC) production and increased removal of RBCs. Replication and maturation of erythroid precursors and RBC lysis can be measured by standardized in vitro methods and surrogate markers, respectively. In contrast, erythrophagocytosis by autologous phagocytes is more difficult to quantify. Methods: We developed a method to assess erythrophagocytosis by autologous monocytes from 5 ml of whole blood. RBCs were labeled with carboxyfluorescein-diacetate-succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and subsequently coincubated with autologous CD14 1 monocytes. Phagocytosis was quantified using flow cytometry. After standardization, the assay was validated in patients with severe malarial anemia (SMA), a condition that is associated with increased erythrophagocytosis.
The anaerobic digestion of biomass is a complex, dynamic, and highly nonlinear process. Hence, a mathematical model that is capable of describing the complete operability region with sufficient accuracy cannot be identifiable even with the most advanced process monitoring technology. The complexity of the anaerobic digestion model no. 1 (ADM1) leads to the application of either parameter‐reduced versions of the ADM1 or simpler models as, e.g., the anaerobic digestion model AM2. A comparative study for the simulation of biogas formation at dynamic feedstock loading using maize silage was performed with both models.
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