A metaphor. Things are looking up. -Harold Pinter, No Man's Land Summary An elaboration and defense of the " interaction view of metaphor " introduced in the author's earlier study, "Metaphor" (1962). Special attention is paid to the explication of the metaphors used in the earlier account.The topics discussed include: selection of the "targets" of the theory; classification of metaphors; how metaphorical statements work; relations between metaphors and similes; metaphorical thought; criteria of recognition; the "creative" aspects of metaphors; the ontological status of metaphors.Metaphors are found to be more closely connected with background models than has previously been recognized. RCsurnCElaboration et defense de la a conception interactive de la mttaphore B prtsentte par I'auteur dans une Btude antirieure Metaphor (1962). Une attention particulitre est vouie ? i I'explication des exemples de mttaphores utilists dans la prtctdente ttude. Les sujets discutts comprennent: stlection des buts de la thtorie; classification des mttaphores; comment fonctionnent les Bnoncts mbtaphoriques; relations entre m6taphores et termes voisins; pensie mttaphorique; crittres de reconnaissance; les aspects a crtatifs D des mttaphores; le statut ontologique des mttaphores.Les mttaphores apparaissent comme Ctant plus 6troitement likes ? I des modPles sous-jacents qu'on ne l'avait pr6cCdemment soupconn6. ZusammenfassungEs handelt sich um eine Ausarbeitung und Verteidigung der ainteraction view of metaphor,, die der Autor schon in einer friiheren Arbeit, Metaphor (1962), vertreten hat. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der Erklarung von Metaphern geschenkt, die in der friiheren Betrachtung verwendet worden sind. Unter den diskutierten Fragen finden wir: Auswahl der aZielex, der Theorie; die Klassifikation der Metaphem; die Art des Funktionierens von metaphorischen Aussagen; die Beziehungen zwischen Metaphern und Vergleichen; das metaphorische Denken; Kriterien fur den Entscheid, wann wir es mit einer Metapher zu tun haben; die aschopferischen, Aspekte von Metaphem; der ontologische Status von Metaphern. Metaphern werdenmehr als friiherin eine enge Beziehung mit Hintergrundmodellen gebracht. Dialectica Vol. 31, No 3 4 (1977) 1 Based, with numerous revisions and additions, upon a paper, entitled "Metaphor Revisited," prepared for the 2nd International Colloquium in Philosophy, Biel 1976. See "References" at the end of this paper. Numbers in parentheses refer to pages. Where there is possible ambiguity, a date is added. 3 This reflection is sometimes attributed to Michel Br6al (see his Essai, 115). But the subject he called "infini" was the special one of the influence of metaphors upon the extension and renewal of a standard lexicon, of which he provides numerous illustrations.
A metaphor. Things are looking up. -Harold Pinter, No Man's Land Summary An elaboration and defense of the " interaction view of metaphor " introduced in the author's earlier study, "Metaphor" (1962). Special attention is paid to the explication of the metaphors used in the earlier account.The topics discussed include: selection of the "targets" of the theory; classification of metaphors; how metaphorical statements work; relations between metaphors and similes; metaphorical thought; criteria of recognition; the "creative" aspects of metaphors; the ontological status of metaphors.Metaphors are found to be more closely connected with background models than has previously been recognized. RCsurnCElaboration et defense de la a conception interactive de la mttaphore B prtsentte par I'auteur dans une Btude antirieure Metaphor (1962). Une attention particulitre est vouie ? i I'explication des exemples de mttaphores utilists dans la prtctdente ttude. Les sujets discutts comprennent: stlection des buts de la thtorie; classification des mttaphores; comment fonctionnent les Bnoncts mbtaphoriques; relations entre m6taphores et termes voisins; pensie mttaphorique; crittres de reconnaissance; les aspects a crtatifs D des mttaphores; le statut ontologique des mttaphores.Les mttaphores apparaissent comme Ctant plus 6troitement likes ? I des modPles sous-jacents qu'on ne l'avait pr6cCdemment soupconn6. ZusammenfassungEs handelt sich um eine Ausarbeitung und Verteidigung der ainteraction view of metaphor,, die der Autor schon in einer friiheren Arbeit, Metaphor (1962), vertreten hat. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der Erklarung von Metaphern geschenkt, die in der friiheren Betrachtung verwendet worden sind.Unter den diskutierten Fragen finden wir: Auswahl der aZielex, der Theorie; die Klassifikation der Metaphem; die Art des Funktionierens von metaphorischen Aussagen; die Beziehungen zwischen Metaphern und Vergleichen; das metaphorische Denken;Kriterien fur den Entscheid, wann wir es mit einer Metapher zu tun haben; die aschopferischen, Aspekte von Metaphem; der ontologische Status von Metaphern.Metaphern werdenmehr als friiherin eine enge Beziehung mit Hintergrundmodellen gebracht. DialecticaVol. 31, No 3 4 (1977)1 Based, with numerous revisions and additions, upon a paper, entitled "Metaphor Revisited," prepared for the 2nd International Colloquium in Philosophy, Biel 1976.See "References" at the end of this paper. Numbers in parentheses refer to pages. Where there is possible ambiguity, a date is added.3 This reflection is sometimes attributed to Michel Br6al (see his Essai, 115). But the subject he called "infini" was the special one of the influence of metaphors upon the extension and renewal of a standard lexicon, of which he provides numerous illustrations.
It is a paradox, whose importance familiarity fails to diminish, that the most highly developed and useful scientific theories are ostensibly expressed in terms of objects never encountered in experience. The line traced by a draughtsman, no matter how accurate, is seen beneath the microscope as a kind of corrugated trench, far removed from the ideal line of pure geometry. And the “point-planet” of astronomy, the “perfect gas” of thermodynamics, or the “pure species” of genetics are equally remote from exact realization. Indeed the unintelligibility at the atomic or sub-atomic level of the notion of a rigidly demarcated boundary shows that such objects not merely are not but could not be encountered. While the mathematician constructs a theory in terms of “perfect” objects, the experimental scientist observes objects of which the properties demanded by theory are and can, in the very nature of measurement, be only approximately true. As Duhem remarks, mathematical deduction is not useful to the physicist if interpreted rigorously. It is necessary to know that its validity is unaltered when the premise and conclusion are only “approximately true.” But the indeterminacy thus introduced, it is necessary to add in criticism, will invalidate the deduction unless the permissible limits of variation are specified. To do so, however, replaces the original mathematical deduction by a more complicated mathematical theory in respect of whose interpretation the same problem arises, and whose exact nature is in any case unknown.
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