Avulsion injuries are common among participants in organized sports, especially among adolescent participants. Imaging features of both acute and chronic avulsion injuries of the pelvis, knee, ankle and foot, shoulder, and elbow were evaluated to help distinguish these injuries from more serious disease processes such as neoplasm and infection. At radiography, acute injuries (ie, those resulting from extreme, unbalanced, often eccentric muscular contractions) may be associated with avulsed bone fragments, whereas subacute injuries have an aggressive appearance that may include areas of mixed lysis and sclerosis. Chronic injuries (ie, those resulting from repetitive microtrauma or overuse) or old inactive injuries may be associated with a protuberant mass of bone and may bear a striking resemblance to a neoplastic or infectious process. Although not usually required, computed tomography is helpful in the diagnosis if radiographic findings are equivocal or if the injury is not in the acute phase. MR imaging is best suited for the evaluation of injuries to muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Recognition of characteristic imaging features and familiarity with musculotendinous anatomy will aid in accurate diagnosis of avulsion injuries.
is appropriate for samples prepared by other methods. Finally, it is proposed that the desired properties of the BPSG film such as reflow angle and dielectric properties might be estimated from the IR spectra using these multivariate calibration methods. Physical properties (including softening temperature and thermal expansion coefficient) of bulk glasses have previously been estimated from their IR spectra using PLS methods (28). Future studies in this laboratory will focus on addressing these points.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author acknowledges . T. Kay and G. R. Iben for providing the BPSG samples. A. R. Mahoney made the ellipsometer measurements, M. Gonzales and W. B. Chambers performed the ICP analyses, and R. M. Merrill conducted the IC analyses. C. E. Case collected the IR data and aided in the computer analysis of the spectral data. E. V. Thomas, R. B. Pettit, and H. L. Tardy contributed with helpful discussions.
Knowing chronologic age before assessing bone age radiographs does not affect the reproducibility of assessment. However, observers are more likely to interpret the radiograph as showing normal findings when chronologic age is known than if the interpretation is performed with the observer unaware of chronologic age.
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