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Low density polyethylene (LDPE) films were prepared with the incorporation of natural agents (carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde) by the melting process. The co-precipitation method was used successfully to complex the carvacrol or trans-cinnamaldehyde with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The active compounds encapsulated in β-CD achieved ca. 90% encapsulation efficiency (E.E.). The inclusion complex studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) found particles of different sizes, ca. 4 μm. The active compounds were added directly (1 and 5 wt %) into the polymer matrix, yielding LDPE + carvacrol and LDPE + cinnamaldehyde films. The active compounds encapsulated in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were added to LDPE, yielding LDPE + β-CD-carvacrol and LDPE + β-CD-cinnamaldehyde films. The incorporation of carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde, and their corresponding inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin, did not affect the thermal properties of LDPE. The microcapsules distributed in all polymer matrices had sizes of 5–20 μm as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In terms of mechanical properties, the polymers showed a slight decrease of Young’s modulus (12%) and yield stress compared (14%) to neat LDPE. This could be due to the essential oil acting as a plasticizer in the polymer matrix. The LDPE + carvacrol and LDPE + cinnamaldehyde films had the capacity to inhibit fungi by 99% compared to neat LDPE. The effectiveness against fungi of LDPE+β-CD + active agent was slower than by the direct incorporation of the essential oil in the LDPE in the same amount of active agent. The biocidal properties were related to the gradual release of active compound from the polymer. The results confirm the applicability of carvacrol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and their corresponding inclusion complexes in active packaging, as well as their use in the food delivery industry.

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Fractionation of Eucalyptus globulus wood chips is mandatory for developing a biorefinery process. In order to achieve this, products released from hydrothermolysis pretreatment were studied within the severity (log R 0 ) range 3.3−4.5. The highest solubilized xylose yield was 56% (DWB) at log R 0 3.9. Values higher than log R 0 4.1 have led to high xylose dehydration rates. Detoxification steps applied to the liquor removed acetic acid (55%), furfural (94%), and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (31%). Fermentation of liquor with Candida guilliermondii resulted in a xylitol yield of 0.37 g of xylitol produced per gram of xylose consumed (equivalent to 71% of the control with pure xylose). Pulp-1 (from hydrothermolysis pretreatment) was further pretreated with NaOH for lignin removal (obtaining Pulp-2). Cellulose composition in Pulp-1 and Pulp-2 remains almost unaltered; lignin content in Pulp-2 was 50% lower than in Pulp-1. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) experiments for both pulps reached similar ethanol yields of 0.76 and 0.70 g of ethanol produced per gram of ethanol potentially produced from wood, respectively. Recovery of hemicellulose at the beginning of the process is a key step for getting pulps with high cellulose composition available for developing a biorefinery process of E. globulus.

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BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) offers the only sustainable alternative to the use of fossil fuels as oil by employing its main components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) as a carbon source for the production of biofuels, energy and value‐added chemicals. The aim of the present study was to investigate ethanol production from organosolv pretreated Eucalyptus globulus wood, carrying out the simultaneous sacharification and fermentation (SSF) process at a substrate loading of 10 and 15% (w/v) and using concentrations of 6 and 12 g L−1 of the thermally acclimatized S. cerevisiae IR2T9‐a strain. These SSF experiments were also evaluated by increasing the enzyme loading in the reaction medium. Finally, a comparison was made between separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and SSF processes. With the information obtained and from published information, a general mass balance was developed. RESULTS The highest ethanol concentration (∼42 g L−1) in the fermentation broth was obtained at a substrate consistency of 15% (w/v), enzyme loading of 20 FPU cellulase 40 UI β‐glucosidase g−1 of pretreated material and using both S. cerevisiae strain IR2‐9a concentrations (6 and 12 g L−1). CONCLUSION The results of enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) show that increasing substrate content from 10 to 15% (w/v) decreases the conversion efficiency of cellulose to glucose. Furthermore, the mass balances of the process indicate that the SSF process is a better alternative than the SHF configuration, because larger amounts of ethanol can be obtained. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

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