The External Balance Assessment (EBA) methodology has been developed by the IMF's Research Department as a successor to the CGER methodology for assessing current accounts and exchange rates in a multilaterally consistent manner. Compared to other approaches, EBA emphasizes distinguishing between the positive empirical analysis and the normative assessment of current accounts and exchange rates, and highlights the roles of policies and policy distortions. This paper provides a comprehensive description and discussion of the 2013 version ("2.0") of the EBA methodology, including areas for its further development.

El Niño induced changes of the coastal fish fauna off northern Chile and implications for ichthyogeographywere typical for sandy beaches and 14.6% for rocky shores. The shore fish community did not show major changes during and after EN events, as only a few invading species were recorded; just Umbrina xantii was found during all events considered. In order to understand the response of the fish community to ENSO events a biogeographical analyses of 721 fish species reported for neritic habitats (coastal epipelagic and benthic) distributed between 0°-57°S (Gulf of Guayaquil to Cape Horn) was made. Their distribution ranges for normal oceanic conditions were taken from the very numereous existing literature. It is concluded that the north/south migration of Panamic and Peruvian warm water fishes during EN/LN events along the north Chilean coast between 18º-23ºS, indicates that it represents a wide transition zone between the Peruvian and the Chilean ichthyogeographic provinces. Key words: ENSO, neritic fishes, northern Chile, ichthyogeographyResumen.-La franja costera de la zona norte de Chile (18º-23ºS) es habitada por numerosas especies de peces neríticos de las cuales 249 son comúnmente observadas durante condiciones normales y condiciones frías La Niña (LN). Durante El Niño (EN) la ictiofauna del norte de Chile experimenta cambios significativos a causa de la presencia de alrededor de 100 especies de peces invasores que durante periodos normales y/o fríos habitan en latitudes menores, siendo también nombrados "invasores septentrionales" y "peces trópico-ecuatoriales". Este conjunto incluye 15 familias y 86 géneros de peces. Los análisis mostraron que las especies afectadas por los EN no fueron las mismas durante los últimos tres eventos, revelando que solo las especies epipelágicas Anchoa naso, Albula vulpes, Atherinella nocturna y Scomberesox saurus stolatus fueron constantes. Frente al norte de Chile, durante los EN

SUMMARY: From bibliographical information on bathymetric and latitudinal distribution of 110 marine fish species of western Patagonia (42º-57ºS), the ichthyogeographic zonation of the area is discussed. The bathymetric distribution of the fish species shows a species association distributed at depths less than 100 m, a second association between 50 and 500 m, and a third association below 500 m depth. This third one is interpreted as a transitional situation of the second one, because of the scarcity of endemic species. These associations present similar latitudinal zonation patterns, including separation into a northern sector, characterized by species of lower latitudes, a southern sector with characteristic and endemic elements of that zone, and an intermediate transition sector considered as an independent association by its large extension and species composition. The Straits of Magellan represent an important faunistic exchange zone between the bottom fish communities of the Southwestern Atlantic and the Southeastern Pacific.

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Cavernous haemangiomas arising in the paranasal sinuses are very rare. Even though the lesion is benign in nature, its imaging features are non-specific, leading to an incorrect pre-operative diagnosis in most patients. We present a case of a maxillary sinus cavernous haemangioma in a young male. The clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of this entity are reviewed.

Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is an unusual type of vascular malformation with unique clinical and imaging characteristics that distinguish it from the classic arteriovenous malformations. The features of CPA include absence of dominant arterial feeders or flow-related aneurysms, capillary angioectasia without large draining veins, and presence of intermingled normal brain parenchyma that is hypoperfused. We describe the magnetic resonance imaging findings including perfusion in 3 patients with CPA.

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As emphasized by Hausmann, Rodrik and Velasco, the policy challenge of boosting growth requires prioritization and identifying what are the most binding constraints. This paper draws on firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey, which suggests that the obstacles for the functioning of firms is related to firm size. Recognizing the potential endogeneity and simultaneity between firms' constraints and firm size, we implement an Ordered-Probit model with a potential categorical endogenous regressor to estimate, for the case of Bolivia, the conditional probability of facing obstacles given the firm size category, while controlling for other factors. The results confirm the importance of allowing for the roles of firm size in identifying constraints and suggest priorities for policies to remove constraints to economic performance.