SUMMARYThe appraisal of urban trees is a practice adopted in diverse cities of world. This survey compared international formulae: Council of Tree Landscape Appraiser (CTLA), Burnley, Helliwell and Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM) and three Chilean methods applied in municipalities of Concepción, La Pintana, Maipú (COPIMA), Ñuñoa and Peñalolén, in 14 different trees located in Talca city (Chile). The objective was to identify the differences and similarities of the monetary result in the application of these formulae, which was realized by a professional. These were analyzed using a non parametric variance test of Kruskal -Wallis and the multiple comparisons Duncan test. It was possible to determine that the Chilean formulae did not present statistically significant differences with the international formulae of Burnley and CTLA; whereas Peñalolén and COPIMA formulae did not present any difference when contrasted with Helliwell. In addition, the STEM formula presented differences with all the Chilean analyzed formulae. In the valuation by tree, statistically significant differences were obtained, which showed the independence of the used formula. The exception was when being applied to emblematic species or to species that stand-out in some amenity. Likewise, it was observed that the basic value continues having a high impact in the appraisal final result and the use of the statistical test applied allows extending this type of analyses.Key words: tree appraisal, non parametric analysis, urban forest, urban forestry. RESUMENLa valoración del arbolado urbano es una práctica adoptada en diversas ciudades del mundo. Este estudio comparó las fórmulas internacionales de Council of Tree and Landscape Appraiser (CTLA), Burnley, Helliwell y Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM), y tres chilenas que se aplican en los municipios de Concepción, La Pintana y Maipú (COPIMA), Ñuñoa y Peñalolén, en 14 árboles diferentes, ubicados en la ciudad de Talca (Chile). El objetivo fue identificar las diferencias y similitudes del resultado monetario de estas fórmulas, realizada por un único profesional. Fueron analizados utilizando la prueba de varianza no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba de comparación múltiple de Duncan. Se concluyó que las fórmulas chilenas no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con las fórmulas internacionales de Burnley y CTLA; mientras que la de Peñalolén y COPIMA no la tuvo con Helliwell. Por su parte, la fórmula STEM es la que presentó diferencias con todas las fórmulas chilenas analizadas. En la valoración por árbol se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, independientemente de la fórmula utilizada, siendo la excepción cuando corresponde a especies emblemáticas o destacan en alguna amenidad. Asimismo, se observó que el valor base sigue teniendo un alto impacto en el resultado final de la valoración y el uso de la prueba estadística no paramétrica amplía el análisis de las fórmulas.Palabras clave: valoración del árbol, análisis no paramétrico, arbolado urban...
Monetary valuation using urban tree appraisals can be performed with formulas, a common practice in many countries. This study compares twelve parametric type formulas: Amenity Valuation of Tree and Woodlands (Helliwell), Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM), French Method, Italian Method, Tedesco, Norma Granada, Trunk Replacement Formula (CTLA), Burnley Method, Danish Method, Swiss Method, and two Chilean formulas used in Municipalities of Concepción, La Pintana, and Maipú (COPIMA Method), and Peñalolén Method. Formulas were then applied to 30 trees located in Santiago, Talca and Concepción, Chile. Researchers used eight appraisers divided into two groups, according to senior-level and junior-level experience. Statistical differences were determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test of non-parametric variance, while Fisher’s least significant difference test was used to identify homogeneous groups. The results show a wide dispersion of values that were high for “emblematic” trees and low for young or low-vigor trees. Formula, type of appraisers, and inter-appraiser differences formed nine, two, and three groups, respectively. The lowest-appraised trees were obtained using the Danish and French Method, while the highest values were obtained with the Burnley, Helliwell, and STEM formulas. Although there were differences in tree value according to the type of appraiser, when comparing difference among appraisers, researchers found these were not due to experience level. Given the wide range of values found, the study authors cannot recommend any specific formula(s) for assessing urban trees, as results will depend on the variables of interest used in the formulas and their intended application and use.
Cuatro métodos de evaluación visual del riesgo se aplicaron en 30 árboles urbanos con niveles de riesgo en la ciudad de Talca (Chile). Los métodos utilizados fueron: “Avaliação de árvores de risco na arborização de vias públicas de Nova Olímpia” (método Sampaio), “Internation Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Matheny y Clark” (método ISA[A]), “Best Management Practice BMP/ISA” (método ISA[B]) y “Urban tree risk management USDA Forest Service” (método USF). Los resultados fueron estandarizados para su análisis estadístico, se encontraron diferencias significativas y variaciones en los métodos al aplicar el test no paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis y de Duncan. Se conformaron tres grupos: los métodos Sampaio y USF, que presentaron evaluaciones con riesgo muy alto y alto, respectivamente; el segundo, conformado por USF e ISA(A), presentó evaluaciones de alto a medio riesgo; mientras que un tercer grupo lo conformó ISA(B), con evaluaciones de riesgo bajo. Ya que la ciudad de Talca no cuenta con una metodología propia, se sugiere usar en el área mediterránea de Chile el método ISA(A) o USF, ya que fueron los métodos que presentaron una mejor adecuación a las condiciones locales.
We identified relationships between ecosystem services provided by trees and environmental variables, including temperature (°C at ground level and 1.5 m), relative humidity (%), particulate matter (PM10, maximum and average), noise (dBA), and ultraviolet radiation (UV at 1.5 m). This study was carried out in Talca, Chile, a mid-sized city. Measurement locations were selected in three areas based along three main avenues in the center of the city during three different seasons and three different schedules of day, generating 15,515 data in total. In circular plots, with 8 meter radiuses, measurements were recorded at the center and at a point on the perimeter. A correlation matrix was calculated and an ANOVA was conducted with canopy cover, schedule of day, and season as variation sources. The results show a high dispersion, and the correlation matrix that canopy coverage has a weak relationship with variables was studied. The results of the ANOVA showed the least number of significant differences associated with the canopy cover, schedule of day, and season, which showed significant differences for all variables. Tree coverage showed significant differences for all variables using the Tukey Test, with the exception of minimum noise. Plots with greater coverage were associated with increases in the particulate matter and relative humidity and decreases in maximum noise, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation. During mornings, the highest measurements of particulate matter, noise, and relative humidity were reported, whereas temperature maximums occurred at mid-day. The results confirm the importance of urban trees, specifically the canopy coverage, in mitigating negative environmental aspects in urban areas.
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