Armed conflict in Colombia has resulted in the displacement of an estimated 4.5 million people, or about 10% of the Colombian population. Hundreds of thousands of Colombians are exposed to violence and forced displacement annually. The present study used survey methods to assess levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety symptoms in a convenience sample of 109 internally displaced adults residing in Medellín, Colombia. A qualitative approach including an open-ended survey and focus groups with a subsample of 44 survey respondents was used to gain a better understanding of mental health treatment needs. A large proportion of survey respondents exceeded cut-scores for clinically significant PTSD (88%), anxiety (59%), and depression (41%). Multivariate regression models showed that female gender was a significant predictor of higher PTSD symptom levels and that female gender, higher education, and being separated as opposed to married predicted higher levels of depression symptoms. Focus group findings suggest that participants are interested in specialized psychological treatments as well as broader psychosocial interventions to treat the consequences of exposure to violence and forced displacement.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es validar un segundo grupo de imágenes del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectiva (IAPS) en población colombiana, con el fin de aumentar el banco de imágenes que puedan ser utilizadas en investigaciones en los campos de la emoción, la atención y la memoria, entre otros. Se validaron 240 imágenes pertenecientes a los conjuntos 15, 16, 17 y 18 del IAPS en una muestra de 1.222 personas provenientes de cinco ciudades del país (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla y Bucaramanga). Para evaluar la respuesta emocional ante las imágenes en las dimensiones de valencia, arousal y dominancia se utilizó el Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Los resultados mostraron que las imágenes se distribuyeron de la forma esperada en el espacio afectivo bidimensional compuesto por las dimensiones de valencia y arousal. Se identificó un sesgo emocional positivo en los hombres y un sesgo emocional negativo en las mujeres. Las diferencias entre regiones y estrato socioeconómico se presentaron únicamente en arousal y dominancia, no en valencia. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que estas imágenes pueden ser utilizadas para inducir estados afectivos en la población colombiana de forma controlada, lo que permite su uso para el estudio científico y experimental de diferentes procesos psicológicos, como la emoción, la motivación y la atención.

Background/Objective: Several diagnostic criteria of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are remarkably similar to symptoms reported by individuals with depression, particularly as they manifest as cognitive processing deficits in children. Because of this overlap in profile and the high rate of comorbidity of PTSD and depression (48% to 69%), pinpointing similarities/differences in cognitive processes related to each of these disorders is essential to accurate diagnosis. This study aims to examine cognitive performance profiles of 23 children who have been victims of PTSD and to compare their results with 23 children with depression and 24 controls. Method: Empirical study, observational and descriptive methodologies were performed using several neuropsychological tests to assess IQ, attention, memory and executive function. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using the non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test and post-hoc analyses were conducted using a Mann Whitney U test, as well as Quade's co-variance analysis. Results: Data show different profiles of cognitive performance in those with PTSD compared to those with depression and controls. Conclusions: The findings suggests that PTSD and depressed children differ somewhat in their cognitive profiles, and the differences in IQ found between those with PTSD and those without are not necessarily a confounding variable, but may rather be a consequence of their traumatic experience.

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P ost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychological condition caused by exposure to chronic stressors and extreme trauma. In past decades, Colombia (South America) has experienced high levels of armed conflict, which created an environment of chronic stress, resulting in an increased incidence of PTSD in children. Limited research exists on the effects of PTSD on emotional memory functioning of these Colombian youth living in chronically stressful environments. In the present study, 23 PTSD affected youth and 26 controls were asked to recall items from a memorised word list, as well as remembering details from a short emotional story. Although no significant differences were found for word list memory, deficits for emotional story content were found in the PTSD youth, particularly for facts involving negative emotional details. The latter may suggest a deficit in executive functioning for the integration of emotionally laden stimuli, perhaps induced as a by-product of their traumatic experiences.