This community-school-home initiative using a professional team's celebrity platform within a certain locale is largely overlooked by school districts and should be considered as a positive strategy to confront childhood obesity.
Background: Celebratory drinking among college students on their 21st birthday often involves dangerous levels of alcohol consumption. Purpose: This study utilized an experimental design to assess the efficacy of social norm and risk reduction strategies developed to reduce high-risk drinking and alcohol related consequences among college students on their 21st birthday. Methods: Students were randomly assigned to one of four cohorts including a control group, a social norms group, a risk reduction group and a combination of both social norms and risk reduction. Each group received an electronic birthday card with intervention specific information. Students were sent an electronic survey three days after their birthday to assess alcohol consumption levels and related behaviors (n=702). Results: No significant differences existed among the four cohorts in students' drinking behavior, negative consequences, or protective behaviors employed. Discussion: This inquiry revealed that social norm, risk reduction messages or combination of the two strategies, delivered electronically, failed to influence celebratory drinking patterns. Translation to Health Education Practice: Interventions addressing 21st birthday celebrations may need to extend beyond targeting the individual to yield significant behavioral changes.
We report the case of a 55-year-old male who experienced cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and nasal congestion immediately upon exposure to FD&C Blue Dye No. 2 (Indigotine) at work. The patient had worked for 10 years mixing and grinding powdered synthetic red, yellow, and blue dyes for use in foods; symptoms had occurred for 2 years and only with exposure to Indigotine (C16H8N2Na2O8S2), a free flowing blue powder. Prick testing to Indigotine (20 mg/mL) was negative. ELISA failed to detect specific IgE, IgA, IgM, or IgG to Indigotine-HSA conjugates. Bronchial challenge was done according to the method of Pepys et al. beginning with 4 x 10(-4) lactose dilution of Indigotine powder. After 5 minutes of exposure to 4 gm Indigotine/100 gm lactose, the patient developed dyspnea and audible wheezing. At 20 minutes postexposure, there was a 20% decline in FEV1 from prechallenge baseline; no late phase response was observed. A second bronchial challenge with sodium sulfate, the major nondye product additive was negative. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of occupational asthma due to FD&C Blue Dye No. 2. The pathogenesis is uncertain but does not appear to be IgE mediated.
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