Background
By August 2022, CoronaVirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) had caused 600 million illnesses and 6.5 million fatalities globally. A massive vaccination program is being implemented worldwide to suppress this condition. Several works of literature stated that mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, specifically with the mRNA-1273 vaccine, is followed by clear evidence of the COVID arm effects associated with this vaccine.
Objective
To analyze the latest evidence of COVID arm as a common effect of mRNA-1273 vaccination with the ultimate goal of improving vaccine counseling to help healthcare professionals and reassure patients.
Methods
A comprehensive search was performed on topics that assess the COVID arm as a cutaneous manifestation following mRNA-1273 vaccination from inception up until July 2022.
Results
Eighteen studies with a total of 1129 participants after the first and second dose of mRNA-1273 vaccination reported that most participants had COVID arm following the first dose administration. The characteristics of the patients were a mean age of 43.8 years old, and females represented ≥ 50% in most studies, with a mean onset of 6.9 days after the first dose administration. Symptoms resolved within seven days following the treatment and were harmless.
Conclusions
This study found that the COVID arm condition is most common following the first mRNA-1273 vaccination in the female and middle-aged group. The correlation between demographic variables and COVID arm risk elucidates that the reaction is a type IV allergic skin reaction.
The purpose of this study was to decide whether the mixture of KNO3 and GA3 solutions was more effective than a single solution of KNO3 or GA3 in maintaining the freshness of cut flowers. The study was conducted at the Botanical Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Lampung from November - December 2017. The research was carried out in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment with reason A was the GA3 solution with 3 concentration levels: 0%, 0.5%, and 1%. Factor B is KNO3 solution with 2 concentration levels: 0% and 5%. The limits in this study were fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, and total dissolved carbohydrate content of gerbera cut flowers, qualitative limits were the level of reducing sugars. Measurements were made 7 days after soaking cut flowers in KNO3 or GA3 solutions, and a mixture of both. Homogeneity of variance and analysis of variance were determined at a significant level of 5%. Simple effect of KNO3 at each concentration level of GA3 decide by F test at 5% significance level. The results showed that GA3 with a concentration of 0.25% and 0.5% increased the fresh weight and dry weight of Gerbera cut flowers. KNO3 0.5% much reduced the relative water content of Gerbera cut flowers. The interaction between GA3 and KNO3 does not much effect all freshness of cut flowers. From the results of the study concluded that the single treatment of GA3 was more effective than the combination treatment of GA3 and KNO3 in maintaining the freshness of Gerbera cut flowers.
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