Indonesia is an archipelagic country located on the equator. The issue of climate change has become a global issue that has impacted several sectors in Indonesia recently. The presence of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has contributed to conducting studies on flood and drought events. This review paper summarized 16 published papers that have gone through peer-review, both in the form of publications in journals and at conferences. Since the release of the IPCC AR5 to date, ten studies on flooding and six studies on drought events have been conducted. The most publications on this in 2019 were five publications. Of the various types of the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios used with various methods, the most widely used scenario RCPs is RCP4.5. From the climate change scenario, precipitations parameter is the main parameter that is used in assessing flood or drought events. There are studies conducted on a district / city, provincial scale, and some are even carried out on a watershed scale. The location or province that most flood studies have been carried out is in the capital of Jakarta. The results of these studies generally indicate that the incidence of floods and droughts will increase in the future. Therefore, adaptation steps are needed to deal with unfavorable conditions in the future. Moreover, as the capital city, Jakarta has been estimated that the projected flood incidence will increase. Several publications have provided steps to deal with these challenges on the positive side.
Total water demand at non industrial and industrial region in Cilegon is increasing. With its water production capacity of 2,000 l/s, PT Krakatau Tirta Industri (KTI) cannot fulfill the amount number of demand from the industrial and domestic sectors at Cilegon. To cover the shortage of water supply of ±600 l/s, PT KTI requires taking water from Cipasauran Watershed. The objective of this study was to analyze river discharge of Cipasauran Watershed using SWAT model. Input data such as soil characteristics, climate data, landuse, and hydrology data at the area of the watershed were gathered and put at the data input file. In SWAT simulation, 4 processes were done, i.e. watershed delineation, hydrological response unit (HRU) forming, data process and SWAT simulation, and visualization process. The result showed that the daily and monthly calibration process crossed 84% and 83% with the 95PPU area, with daily and monthly p-factor value of 0.84 and 0.83. Thus, calibrated model result was valid, though R 2 and NS value were not satisfied. Using the validated SWAT model, the daily discharge in Cipasauran Watershed was about 0-3.309 m 3 /s, whereas the monthly discharge was 0.648-3.266 m 3 /s. This showed that daily and monthly PT KTI's water demand of 0.6 m 3 /s were fulfilled about 98.22% and 100%. Within the future time, the SWAT model could be potentially used as an assessment for predictive scenarios. However, to gain optimum results, well-observed and precise data is highly required, especially for such calibrations and validations.
Situ Gede area includes a local protection area, functioning as a water catchment area and protected area that will be developed into an ecotourism area based on RTRW and RTBL Situ Gede area and CIFOR fiscal year 2014. The research was conducted to evaluate the existing infrastructure and to make the planning of its development special on environmental roads, waste systems, and parking buildings. The research method begins with the creation of the basic map of Situ Gede area, the retrieval of existing data using secondary data, infrastructure planning in the form of environmental roads, waste management system, and parking building planning, and the creation of infrastructure development planning map Situ Gede area as an external expected from this research. Planning to observe the conservation aspects of water resources by conducting zoning utilization. The zoning arrangement was conducted to provide protection, use, and control of existing resources, especially the creation of a lake boundary of 50 m wide from the body.
Water is an essential element for agriculture, including fodder cultivation. The fodder production for School of the Community Farming (SPR) was planned to be located at Sekaran Village, Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia. Sekaran Village always has water shortage particularly during the dry season. Sekaran Village is located in East Java and the river discharge was low. The study was conducted to evaluate the quantitative potential of water resources from both surface and groundwater. The surface water potential was analyzed based on discharge measurement at the river and rainfall potential at the village. According to river discharge and rainfall potential, several small reservoirs could designed to collect rain water during the wet season and the location for planned reservoir was also examined. Furthermore, the groundwater potential was assessed based on a geoelectrical survey at 20 points of measurements within the study area. The discharge of the river was 1.43 L/sec and of the spring was 0.62 L/sec. The results showed that the groundwater potential was low with only less than 1 L/sec. However, this could be maximized by constructing shallow wells. To choose the reservoir and wells locations, aerial mapping was conducted to portray the topography. The research result could be used by the farmers to design their agricultural activities including developing SPR.
Evidences obtained of increased salinity, silt+clay particle size fraction, total sulfur, dinosterol and smaller amounts of geochemical biomarkers of terrestrial sources indicate the predominance of marine environment, when the relative sea level was higher than the current level. There was a period of transition from marine to freshwater environment, characterized by the reduction of organic carbon and an increment in the amount of sand and biomarkers of terrestrial sources. After this period, the freshwater began to predominate in this lagoon, with higher amount of geochemical biomarkers of terrestrial origin such as linear alkanes n-C 27 , n-C 29 , n-C 31 , friedelin, taraxerol, β-sitosterol and campesterol and the reduction in salinity. The highest concentrations of biomarkers are located mainly in the east, southeast, south and southwest of the lagoon. These areas are close to the hills of Serra do Tabuleiro, the river Paulo Lopes entrance and exit of the river of Lagoa do Ribeirão.Keywords: Geochemical biomarkers; salinity; sediment core; Lagoa do Ribeirão. ResumoOs biomarcadores geoquímicos são compostos presentes na geosfera e estão relacionados com os precursores biológicos específicos, permitindo obter informações sobre as mudanças ambientais que ocorreram ou ainda ocorrem nos ecossistemas aquáticos e suas vizinhanças. A Lagoa do Ribeirão, localizada no município de Paulo Lopes, SC, é o sistema aquático avaliado neste trabalho através de biomarcadores geoquímicos e salinidade, principalmente. Os dados obtidos indicam a predominância de ambiente marinho, quando o nível relativo do mar estava mais elevado que o nível atual, sendo observados os aumentos da salinidade, da fração granulométrica silte+argila, da quantidade de enxofre total, dinosterol e das menores quantidades de biomarcadores geoquímicos de fontes terrestres. Houve um período de transição do ambiente marinho para o ambiente de água doce, caracterizado pela diminuição de carbono orgânico total e aumento da quantidade de areia e de biomarcadores de fontes terrestres. Após este período, a água doce começou a predominar nesta lagoa, caracterizada pelo aumento da quantidade de biomarcadores geoquímicos de origem terrestre como alcanos lineares n-C 27 , n-C 29 , n-C 31 , f iedeli a, ta axe ol, β-sitosterol e campesterol e pela diminuição da salinidade. Os biomarcadores com maiores concentrações estão situados principalmente nas regiões leste, sudeste, sul e sudoeste da lagoa, sendo estas próximas aos morros da Serra do Tabuleiro, entrada do rio Paulo Lopes e a saída do rio da Lagoa.
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