Recently, molten salts have been proposed to be used as HTF and directly as storage medium in both line-focusing solar fields, offering storage capacity of several hours. This direct molten salt (DMS) storage concept has already gained operational experience in solar tower power plant, and it is under demonstration phase both in the case of LFC and PTC systems. Dynamic simulation programs offer a valuable effort for design and optimization of solar power plants. In this work, APROS dynamic simulation program is used to model a DMS linear Fresnel solar field with two-tank TES system, and example simulation results are presented in order to verify the functionality of the model and capability of APROS for CSP modelling and simulation.
It is predicted that share of solar and wind energy will be increased in the future energy systems. The competitiveness of these technologies is further improved if strict climate policy and for example consequent high costs for CO 2 emissions or emission performance standards will be applied, leading to increased electricity prices. This will bring demand for more flexible large scale energy production and/or energy storages due to the intermittency of solar and wind energy production at different timeframes, for example between day and night and different seasons. In addition, it is notable that future integration of electricity markets and grids will expand the area impacted by intermittent renewables.Possible and predicted high economic value for CO 2 emissions and emission standards are also a rationale for the development of CCS technologies. After the investment, variable operational expenditures of solar and wind power are low in comparison with other low carbon technologies and therefore these plants are utilised before others. This will impact also on the utilisation rates of plants equipped with CCS. In this paper techno-economic analyses of industrial scale Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) power plant are presented in different market situations. Feasibility of CLC investment and the utilization of such plant is investigated and compared to oxyfuel and air combustion references in energy system which contain high share of solar and wind power.The CC-Skynet™ toolkit, created by VTT during Finnish CCS projects, enables comparison of economic feasibility of different CCS technologies in different market scenarios, including varying prices for electricity, CO 2 emission allowances, fuels, plant utilisation rates, etc. In addition, in the case of CLC, sensitivity analysis are possible also for example for prices of different oxygen carriers, investments etc. The toolkit is highly versatile but it does not include modelling of any physical phenomena which are required as inputs. The economics of CCS are evaluated from investor's (local energy company) point of view including the effects on the existing energy system. Effect of CCS on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and operation economics of the CCS cases are compared to the reference energy system with varying parameters of operation.Electricity production efficiency of CLC power plant is higher than in power plants based on solid fuel and other CO 2 capture technologies, because CLC does not require large air separation unit or solvent regeneration. Higher net efficiency in electricity production by CLC results lower specific production costs in comparison to other CCS technologies. This probably leads to higher utilisation rate for CLC which is important for example in terms of payback time for the investment or required breakeven price for CO 2 emissions. Results show that CLC may be more competitive in comparison to other CCS technologies due to Eemeli Tsupari et al. / Energy Procedia 63 ( 2014 ) 7508 -7516 7509 higher electrical efficiency. Economic f...
As a dispatchable clean energy source, concentrated solar power (CSP) can be one of the key technologies to overcome many problems related to fossil fuel consumption and electricity balancing problems. Solar is a variable location, time and weather dependent source of energy, which sets challenges to solar field operations. With proper dynamic simulation tools it is possible to study dynamics of CSP field under changing weather conditions, find optimum control strategies, and plan and predict the performance of the field. CSP technology considered in this paper, linear Fresnel reflector (LFR), is a proven line focusing technology, having simpler design but suffering in optical performance compared to more mature parabolic trough (PT) technology. Apros dynamic simulation software is used to configure and simulate the solar field. Apros offers a possibility to dynamically simulate field behavior with varying collector configuration, field layout and control mode under varying irradiation conditions. The solar field applies recirculation (RC) as a control mode and direct steam generation (DSG) producing superheated steam. DSG sets challenges for the control scheme, which main objective is to maintain constant steam pressure and temperature at the solar field outlet under varying inlet water and energy conditions, while the steam mass flow can vary. The design and formulation of an entire linear Fresnel solar field in Apros is presented, as well as the obtained control scheme. The field includes user defined amount of collector modules, control system and two modules describing solar irradiation on the field. As two-phase water/steam flow is used, an accurate 6-equation model is used in Apros. Irradiation on the solar field under clear sky conditions is calculated according to time, position and Linke turbidity factor. Overcast conditions can be created by the clear sky index. For LFR single-axis sun tracking system is applied. In order to test the model functionality and to investigate the field behavior, thermal performance of the field was simulated at different dates at two different locations, and the results were compared. Similar field dimensions and control schemes were applied in each case, and simulations were done for full 24 hours in order to study the daily operations and ensure process stability. Control scheme functionality is evaluated based on the plant behavior in simulation cases having different operational conditions. The proper operability of the configured LFR model is evaluated. Obtained performance results show differences between locations and variation depending on season and time. The importance of a proper control system is revealed. The results show that the dynamic model development of a solar field is necessary in order to simulate plant behavior under varying irradiation conditions and to further develop optimal field control schemes and field optimizing process. The future work in the development of the LFR model presented will focus on dynamic response behavior development under transient conditions and field start-up and shut down procedure development.
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