Scandinavian Journal Tomminen, J. and Nuorteva, M. (University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural and Of Forest Research Forest Zoology, SF-00710 Helsinki, Finland). Pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in commercial sawn wood and its control by kiln-heating. Accepted Apr. 2, 1991. Scand. J. For. Res. 7: 113-120, 1992.In commercial sawn wood (green lumber) (50 × 150 mm) the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) was found more frequently and in greater numbers in bluestained sections of lumber boards. The nematode population was dominated by third dispersal juvenile stage (J 111 ). At 70°C a sawmill kiln was more effective in eradicating PWN from infested boards as compared to a laboratory heating oven. In pieces of boards (50 × 150 × 45 mm) all nematodes were killed in 30 minutes in the sawmill kiln, whereas in the laboratory oven, even after 9 hours, living nematodes were present. In 60 cm boards all the nematodes were killed in 2 hours in the sawmill kiln. The results suggest kiln-heating to be a very effective means of control of PWN in lumber, high temperature being the main contributor to the death of the nematodes. A high frequency of J 111 of PWN in lumber appeared to be of no importance for this efficiency.
Inclusions of wood debris loosened from pine-like trees are abundant in Baltic amber of Eocene and Oligocene age. The possibilities to find insect frass and excrement among wood debris are outlined and some examples are given. Comparison with the frass and excrement produced by present-day insects provide a possibility to identify insects even though their fossils are lacking. This information can be used to characterize former forest environments. Amber forests may have also covered Southern Finland, and this possibility is discussed. Furthermore, the presence of wood debris may be utilized to recognize amber fakes, which is important for both gem trade and paleontology. It is proposed that databases and identification keys of frass and excrement should be constructed.
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