Head, neck, and dental injuries are common during the military service in Finland. Prevention of dental traumas and need for first aid dental skills of the personnel should be emphasized.

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Construction materials and related management, handling, and storage provisions account for a large part of road construction expenses. For that reason, improved material flow monitoring techniques can achieve significant cost and time savings, as well as better quality control. The study assessed the performance of a solid-state pulsed time-of-flight laser lidar profilometer in measuring the volume of soil stockpiles and road layer thicknesses. The 3D (X, Y, Z, and intensity) image calculation was based on the analysis of multiple combined point clouds measured with an excavator-integrated profilometer. Error analysis confirmed the accuracy of road layer thickness estimation within one centimetre and an error level of approximately 3% when measuring soil stockpile volumes. In combination with a theoretical model of the superstructure, this 3D measurement technique can help contractors and supervisors to ensure road quality.

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-Partly automated blade control of excavator has been studied. Main focus of the study were to find means to control one of the excavator's work cylinders automatically while machine operator controls the rest of non-automated work cylinders.This article concentrates on the suitability of a certain inclinometer sensor for partly automated blade control of excavator. Test device was built where inclinometers output data controlled hydraulic cylinder and the statical and dynamical properties of the cylinder and the controlling sensor were studied. In statical tests the inclinometer was attached to the milling tools distributing board along with the reference sensor. The positioning accuracy and the positioning repeatability were studied with the statical tests. In dynamical tests the inclinometer was attached to the pendulum and the dynamical properties of the inclinometer were researched with the pendulum oscillation experiments. Test device contained angular potentiometer which purpose was to function as inclinometers reference sensor. The LVDT displacement transducer was attached to the side of the cylinder which functioned as cylinders integrated displacement sensors (VRVT) reference sensor. In dynamical tests the inclinometers and reference sensors data responses were measured with different pendulum rod lengths and attachment setups. Centripetal accelerations and angular frequencies were calculated from the measured data and their effects for angular error are introduced.Results indicate that cylinders positioning accuracy was ± 1.5 millimetres and the inclinometers angle accuracy was ± 0.3 angle of degrees with delay of 600 ms. Accuracies are sufficient but the delay is too long for partly automated blade control.

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Real-time, three-dimensional (3D) visualisation technology can be used at construction sites to improve the quality of work. A 3D view of the landscape under work can be compared to a target 3D model of the landscape to conveniently show needed excavation tasks to a human excavator operator or to show the progress of an autonomous excavator. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate surface visualisation from measurements taken with a pulsed time-of-flight (TOF) 2D profilometer on-board a semiautonomous excavator. The semiautomatic excavator was implemented by recording the feedback script parameters from the work performed on the excavator by a human driver. 3D visualisation maps based on the triangle mesh technique were generated from the 3D point cloud using measurements of the trenches dug by a human and an autonomous excavator. The accuracy of the 3D maps was evaluated by comparing them to a high-resolution commercial 3D scanner. An analysis of the results shows that the 2D profilometer attached to the excavator can achieve almost the same 3D results as a high-quality on-site static commercial 3D scanner, whilst more easily providing an unobstructed view of the trench during operation (a 3D scanner placed next to a deep trench might not have a full view of the trench). The main technical advantages of our 2D profilometer are its compact size, measurement speed, lack of moving parts, robustness, low-cost technology that enables visualisations from a unique viewpoint on the boom of the excavator, and readiness for real-time control of the excavator’s system. This research is expected to encourage the efficiency of the digging process in the future, as well as to provide a remarkable view of trench work using an excavator as a moving platform to facilitate data visualisation. Graphical abstract