Understanding tribodynamic effects is crucial when aiming to reduce lube oil consumption and related exhaust gas emissions. This report briefly describes the lubrication concept of large two stroke marine diesel engines and different contributors to the lube oil balance of such an engine.

This is a repository copy of Comparison of ring-liner oil film thickness resulting from different injector designs in a diesel marine engine using an ultrasound measurement method.

Comparing flicker planning levels and flicker requirements given by utility companies world wide, it can be found that there are great differences in these planning levels and thus in requirements to companies which have installed flicker generating equipment such as arc furnaces, welders etc. Taking into account that the flicker immunity of equipment, connected to LV systems and the flicker sensitivity of inhabitants of residential customers are more or less equal in a globalized world, there is no real reason that in certain areas, resp. in certain standards the planning levels are extremely low. In this case such planning levels can give remarkable competitive disadvantages for the industry, if companies have to reduce e.g. the furnace power or have to install expensive additional compensation equipment, e.g. statcom systems.The aim of this paper is, to compare international resp. national planning levels for flicker in high voltage networks and the flicker requirements which must be fulfilled by customers running flicker generating equipment like arc furnaces. It can be shown that in many cases the real flicker values in high voltage networks, which are supplying towns with industrial areas, are much higher than the planning levels without creating complaints by private consumers. This shall be proved using results of "real world" flicker measurements.The real world examples prove that flicker values in high voltage systems can be much higher than the usual planning levels without causing complaints by residential customers which are supplied via medium voltage and low voltage from these systems. This fact is already taken into account by some utilities but unfortunately it has not yet found access to the national and international standards or recommendations. On this field there is still much work to do.

The increasing number of fluctuating renewable power producers in the electricity grid leads to several challenges in the grid's infrastructure and its operation. Biomass combustion plants, however, can be modified to increase the flexibility of power production by integrating steam storage devices. In this paper, the available storage systems are evaluated, considering the boundaries of the plants and the requirements of power grids and markets. An objective result is generated by conducting a Delphi study using energy experts. The utility‐value‐analysis method is used to identify the most promising storage concept. Using this methodology, the resulting storage concept is found to be a combination of a steam accumulator and a solid storage.

This paper reports on the establishment of a testing facility to investigate spray and impingement characteristics of a recently developed, fully adaptive lubrication system for large two stroke marine diesel engines. The reported part of this research relates to development steps towards the new lubrication system as well as the implementation of a dedicated testing facility and the establishment of validation approaches in order to corroborate technology developments in this context.The major objective of this development yields an optimization of lubricant utilization and at the same time a significant reduction of lubricant fraction in the exhaust gas. A requisite to obtain the desired level of flexibility calls for a revised approach in injecting the lubricant. The desired flexibility of the new lubrication approach foresees a cycle based adjustment of the injected amount of lubricant as well as the injection pressure in order to provide the possibility to shape the injection spray pattern. Concept studies nominate the application of a common rail system with integrated needle lift type injectors and adjustable injection pressure as compliant with the requisite to inject the lubricant with a high level of flexibility. This paper hence encompasses design and development aspects of the new lubrication system but most of all highlights steps in developing a validation concept in order to compare common lubrication systems with the new type of lubrication system.Initial results of the test cell provide an insight regarding relevant information on the injection spray characteristics over the full engine load range as well as the possibility to compare common lubrication system performance with the new common rail lubrication system.A comparison between measurement and simulation results provide the possibility to implement experimentally gained data in a neuronal network in order to enhance the predictive quality of the simulation tool. KeywordsInjection system development and validation, computational injection spray simulation, experimental spray investigation IntroductionDetailed investigations related to lubricant flow optimizations and transportation mechanisms clearly demonstrate the importance of an appropriate lubricant injection. [1-4] A characterization of relevant contributors to the total lubricant balance of a large two stroke marine diesel engine was performed to address the optimization potential of single components of the tribosystem. Optimizations of piston ring pack geometries showed superior functionality in terms of considerably reducing the amount of lubricant in the exhaust gas. Another, yet equal important aspect which must be taken into consideration when looking at further reducing lubricant consumption of such an engine type, relates to a detailed investigation regarding the application of the lubricant by means of a properly designed lubrication system. Design aspects of such a recent development focus on controlling lubricant spray characteristics over the complete engine loa...