One objective of grid planning for low voltage grids is to determine cable diameters of feeders. This usually involves simulating worst case scenarios to estimate peak loads, although the probability of such scenarios to actually occur is not known. Furthermore, today's grid planning needs to account for new technologies like dispersed generation and electric vehicles. A worst case approach, for example, would consider generation without any simultaneous load. However, in practical experience there is always a minimum load, which mitigates the effect of voltage rise due to generation. This publication presents a new approach to probabilistic grid planning under the consideration of risks of certain scenarios to occur. This methodology can help to plan grids more efficiently.
Die Bemessung punktgestützter Verglasungen gehörte bisher zu den größeren Herausforderungen im konstruktiven Glasbau, da die eingeführten technischen Baubestimmungen hierfür kein allgemeingültiges Bemessungsverfahren zur Verfügung stellten. Das statische System einer elastisch gelagerten, punktförmig gestützten Platte wurde daher auf Basis der Finiten‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) numerisch simuliert, größtenteils mit spezialisierter und kostspieliger Software. Die neue DIN 18008‐3 [1] beschreibt im Anhang C erstmalig ein allgemeines Verfahren zur Bemessung punktgestützter Verglasungen, die durch Tellerhalter gelagert sind. Das Verfahren wird vereinfachtes Verfahren genannt und basiert auf der Aufteilung des Gesamtproblems in lokale und globale Bereiche nach dem Prinzip von St. Venant. Für den Spannungsnachweis im lokalen Bereich werden Spannungsfaktoren zur Umrechnung der Auflagerreaktionen in lokale Spannungsanteile genutzt. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Herleitung der Spannungsfaktoren auf analytischem Weg und liefert damit eine konsequente Weiterentwicklung des vereinfachten Verfahrens.
Stress component factors as part of the simplified method for the design of glass supported by point fittings according to DIN 18008‐3. The design of glass supported by point fittings has been a challenging task in structural engineering so far because of the lack of a general design method which should be provided by established technical regulations. The calculation of the static system of a plate, which is supported elastically and pointwise, could only be done by numerical simulation using specialized and expensive finite element analysis (FEA) software. The upcoming new standard DIN 18008‐3 [1] introduces in annex C for the first time a general design method for glass with cylindrical boreholes supported by point fittings. The method is called simplified method and is based on the concept of splitting the whole problem into local and global areas according to St. Venant´s principle. The design equation contains stress component factors which are used to convert the support reactions into stress components. This article describes the analytical derivation of the stress component factors and thus is a consequent advancement of the simplified method.
For the built environment and for engineers, glass is an indispensable material with unique properties. Recent developments have shown that there is a potential market for additive manufacturing technology in the building industry, based on the production with a relatively small amount of repetitions and the tendency of applying technological innovations for advanced buildings. This paper focusses on the potential of fusing glass filaments on a glass base plate in order to develop a scientific base to create a process that is able to print 3D glass on glass plates for applications in the building industry. These fused components could eliminate boreholes for joints in glass panes including related disadvantages. Also, the fused deposition glass components can be a potential reinforcement of flat glass. Therefore, the fusing of soda lime silicate glass and borosilicate glass has been investigated. Based on these experiences, samples with different glass thicknesses are manufactured and the fused components are tested for their bending strength. The manufactured samples are analysed with polarized images, 3D computer tomography, microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. This paper describes, presents and discusses the results of the investigations, and demonstrates that load transfer via fused glass joints is possible in principle.
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