Numerous examples of online retailers that have internationalized shortly after their foundation indicate that they internationalize faster than and different from traditional brick-and-mortar retailers. This paper identifies and analyzes various influence factors on internationalization speed of online retailers and their impact on individual internationalization steps. Grounded in the resourcebased view, the paper examines the effects of imitability of an online shop, the presence of venture capitalists, the scope of the country portfolio and distance and diversity within the country portfolio on the internationalization speed of online retailers. A Cox proportional hazards model is used to explore the effects on speed and their variations over time. Drawing on a sample of 150 online retailers (1110 market entries in 47 country markets over 19 years), this study shows significant curvilinear effects of the imitability of an online shop, as well as of the diversity and scope of the existing country portfolio and linear effects of the distance of new country markets on the length of time until the next internationalization step.

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The share of online purchases that consumers conduct in foreign countries, i. e., crossborder online shopping, is increasing. The literature suggests that general online shopping intentions are determined by consumers' motivators (perceived benefits) and inhibitors (perceived risks) with respect to online shopping. However, little is known about the specific benefits and risks that determine consumers' intentions for cross-border online shopping and the factors that moderate this relationship. The authors conceptualize a crossborder online shopping model that is suitable for investigating such cross-border online shopping behaviour, and they then test this model based on data from 220 online shoppers. The results show that cross-border online shopping is the rule rather than the exception. The findings indicate that consumers' cross-border online shopping intentions are particularly affected by the specific benefits (e. g., a wide selection and exclusive brands/ products) and less so by the risks (e. g., long delivery times, additional fees, and warranty claims) of foreign online shopping. This relationship is partly moderated by foreign travelling and consumer cosmopolitanism.

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