Inflight catering services are crucial for air travel. Airlines provide food and beverages to the passengers during the flight with different options depending on, e.g., the flying class, distance, and type of service. Our contribution outlines previous efforts to optimise the inflight catering processes and highlights the possibilities to individualise the current services. Individualisation is a growing trend and may challenge the processes that are possibly not wholly prepared to deliver a customised meal for each passenger onboard the aircraft. We present our passenger survey which confirms the demand for the individualisation of inflight meals; we explored which dimensions can be supported by incorporating automation. We performed an analysis of the current inflight catering process for developing automation concepts. Subsequently, an automation concept for the individualisation of inflight meals through pre-ordering is introduced, followed by an evaluation scenario. Within the evaluation, it was possible to consider the feasibility of the individualisation of inflight catering meals and to deliver requirements for the further development of automated services.
This article describes a method for an accelerated, controlled and reproducible build-up of limescale in potable water systems. The concept of this method is to systematically generate water with a high calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) by CO 2 -enrichment, hardening with CaCO 3 followed by CO 2 -desorption. Water with a CCPP of about 100 mg/L CaCO 3 led to the intended calcification on inner steel tube surfaces in a simplified test plant. The limescale built-up was performed at ambient temperature. The procedure is an enabler for validation, verification and comparison of both the efficiency of decalcification methods, as well as scale-preventing methods under comparable and defined conditions. An economical and time efficient calcification method has been developed that provides solid calcite deposits of reproducible thickness and characteristics. The method can be used for studies with all water-carrying systems in household, public transportation or industrial applications.
The entire aircraft industry is facing major challenges due to the formulated targets to reduce environmental emissions. For decision-makers, it is therefore of great importance to be able to compare the environmental impact of aircrafts. This includes the impact assessment of different aircraft-cabin configurations. Based on this motivation, this paper proposes a dynamic method for calculating those environmental impacts. To ensure a straightforward application, the method allows for the cabin configuration with the main cabin components. In addition, a specific mission profile can be defined and is considered in the calculations. The method follows the standardized life-cycle assessment framework. The first application of the method showed that there were large differences in the environmental impacts depending on the cabin configuration and that airlines can contribute to the achievement of sustainability goals with optimized cabin layouts.
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