Radiotherapy is a mainstay cancer therapy whose antitumor effects partially depend on T cell responses. However, the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in radiotherapy remains unclear. Here, using a reverse translational approach, we show a central role of NK cells in the radiation-induced immune response involving a CXCL8/IL-8–dependent mechanism. In a randomized controlled pancreatic cancer trial, CXCL8 increased under radiotherapy, and NK cell positively correlated with prolonged overall survival. Accordingly, NK cells preferentially infiltrated irradiated pancreatic tumors and exhibited CD56 dim -like cytotoxic transcriptomic states. In experimental models, NF-κB and mTOR orchestrated radiation-induced CXCL8 secretion from tumor cells with senescence features causing directional migration of CD56 dim NK cells, thus linking senescence-associated CXCL8 release to innate immune surveillance of human tumors. Moreover, combined high-dose radiotherapy and adoptive NK cell transfer improved tumor control over monotherapies in xenografted mice, suggesting NK cells combined with radiotherapy as a rational cancer treatment strategy.
Figure 1: Augmenting piano sheet music with harmonic fingerprint glyphs facilitates the identification of recurring harmonic patterns and the comparison of musical parts to understand differences in the note distribution. Here, an excerpt from Chopin's 'Grande Valse Brillante' is augmented with the fingerprints showing a recurring pattern in the first four glyphs. ABSTRACTCommon Music Notation (CMN) is the well-established foundation for the written communication of musical information, such as rhythm or harmony. CMN suffers from the complexity of its visual encoding and the need for extensive training to acquire proficiency and legibility. While alternative notations using additional visual variables (e.g., color to improve pitch identification) have been proposed, the community does not readily accept notation systems that vary widely from the CMN. Therefore, to support student musicians in understanding harmonic relationships, instead of replacing the CMN, we present a visualization technique that augments digital sheet music with a harmonic fingerprint glyph. Our design exploits the circle of fifths, a fundamental concept in music theory, as visual metaphor. By attaching such glyphs to each bar of a composition we provide additional information about the salient harmonic features available in a musical piece. We conducted a user study to analyze the performance of experts and non-experts in an identification and comparison task of recurring patterns. The evaluation shows that the harmonic fingerprint supports these tasks without the need for close-reading, as when compared to a not-annotated music sheet.
Star glyphs are a well-researched visualization technique to represent multi-dimensional data. They are often used in small multiple settings for a visual comparison of many data points. However, their overall visual appearance is strongly influenced by the ordering of dimensions. To this end, two orthogonal categories of layout strategies are proposed in the literature: order dimensions by similarity to get homogeneously shaped glyphs vs. order by dissimilarity to emphasize spikes and salient shapes. While there is evidence that salient shapes support clustering tasks, evaluation, and direct comparison of data-driven ordering strategies has not received much research attention. We contribute an empirical user study to evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and user confidence in visual clustering tasks using star glyphs. In comparison to similarity-based ordering, our results indicate that dissimilarity-based star glyph layouts support users better in clustering tasks, especially when clutter is present.
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