By combining lightweight metal alloys with ceramics, it is possible to adapt material properties on stressed parts and thus increase stiffness and/or change the thermal resistance: yet joining such materials is problematic due to the poor wettability of ceramics by molten metals. In this work, the technique of friction surfacing is used to connect alumina (Al2O3) with an aluminium alloy (EN-AW 5083). Despite the fact that Al2O3 has a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion and a low thermal shock resistance, specimens have been produced showing encouraging results. In order to compensate for these material properties the substrate was preheated to a minimum of 150°C. In tests bonding strengths reached 47.8 MPa and coating thicknesses of 213 μm were achieved; results which are comparable with conventional thermally sprayed coatings. Bonding strengths were determined by using a pull-off adhesion tester and the coating thickness was measured with a laser scanning microscope. Analysis of the joint zone shows no clear evidence of chemical reactions (intermetallic compounds) or diffusion. Mechanical interlocking can only be shown to be accountable for 16% of the bonding strength with investigations turning towards van der Waals forces and their contribution to adhesion.
The lack of suitable techniques for joining Si$$_{3}{\text{N}}_{4}$$ 3 N 4 ceramics with metals has limited the usage of this otherwise outstanding material for composite applications. In this study, aluminum AlMgSi0.5 (EN AW-6060) was coated onto silicon nitride Si$$_{3}{\text{N}}_{4}$$ 3 N 4 ceramic substrates using friction surfacing technology. Experimental work revealed that the harmful effects of thermal shock (e.g., substrate cracking, coating delamination) observed with other material combinations can be avoided by selecting materials with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, low Young’s modulus and high thermal conductivity. Design of experiments derived models for coating thickness and bonding strength fit the data well (i.e., the regression model accounts for most of the variation in the response variable). Whereas the coating thickness is predominately dependent on the rotational speed used, the bonding strength is also affected by the traverse speed. Coating thicknesses upto 2.03 mm and bonding strengths of 42.5 MPa were achieved. Deposition rates exceed those of physical vapor deposition by a magnitude of ×1000 and bonding strength is on-par with thin-film metallization. Scanning transmission electron microscope analysis revealed formation of a glassy phase at the interface. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis high silicon and oxygen content with smaller percentages of aluminum and nitrogen were detected. High-resolution transmission electron microscope imaging revealed no distinct lattice structure leading to the assumption that the composition is predominantly amorphous and consists of SiAlON.
Two large groups of materials, namely metals and ceramics, are used in mass quantities in today’s industry because of their outstanding properties. To achieve higher product performance dissimilar materials need to be combined in assemblies, but their joining is challenging. Using friction surfacing technology Al[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] ceramic substrates were coated with an aluminium alloy (AlMg4.5Mn0.7). Earlier research by the authors suggested that two major bonding mechanisms, namely mechanical interlocking and van der Waals forces, are responsible for the bonding strengths achieved between the coating and the substrate. Further scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis at a sub nanometre resolution were conducted and are presented in this article. These analytical methods revealed that the aluminium coating and the Al[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] grains form a sharp boundary without evidence of either a chemical reaction or diffusion at the interface and suggest that the main bonding mechanisms for the Al/Al[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] system are van der Waals forces. In addition, mechanical interlocking may serve to hold in position the interface surfaces, to preserve their close proximity, allowing the van der Waals forces to persist.
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