The aim of this work is to characterize the moisture-dependent actuation behavior of bioinspired and additively manufactured hygromorphs based by following deductive and inductive design approaches. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is employed to print bilayered structures consisting of swellable active layers and rigid passive layers. The active layer is composed of a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix filled with different hygroscopic cellulosic materials (native and modified) up to a filler content of 50 m%. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) is used for the passive layer. The FFF process allows the generation of desired differential swelling properties in the composites upon moisture absorption. The moisture dependent actuation strain of the printed bilayers was determined by video analyses. Some influencing geometrical factors which contribute to the actuation were deduced from x-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro computed tomography (μCT). The investigation of the mean cellulose microfibril orientation on the surface of the active layer suggested a preferential orientation with respect to printing direction. Furthermore, a gradient of cellulosic material within a single printed layer was observed, which indicates fiber sedimentation. Comparison with the thermomechanical model derived from Timoshenko (1925) shows that the computational prediction of the moisture dependent actuation is considerably accurate for most selected cellulosic materials and filler contents.
Cotton-based raw paper, made of 100% cellulose, is used
to make
humidity-sensing, cottonid for bio-architecture applications. Despite
its renewability and excellent mechanical properties, it is inherently
flammable. In an effort to reduce its flammability, thin films of
fully renewable and environmentally benign polyelectrolytes, chitosan
(CH) and phytic acid (PA), were deposited on raw paper via layer-by-layer
(LbL) assembly. Only four bilayers (BL) of the CH/PA coating are required
to achieve self-extinguishing behavior, with a 69% reduction in peak
heat release rate measured by microscale combustion calorimetry. These
results demonstrate that this renewable intumescent LbL-assembled
film provides an effective flame-retardant treatment for these environmentally
friendly, climate-adaptive construction materials and could potentially
be used to protect many cellulosic materials.
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