We tested the effect of intraarticular reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament alone and in combination with extraarticular reconstructions in 10 cadaveric knees. These knees had anterior cruciate ligament deficiency alone or in combination with anterolateral capsuloligamentous deficiencies. In the knees with combined injury, intraarticular reconstruction returned anterior stability to levels not significantly different from levels found for the knees deficient in the anterior cruciate ligament alone and treated with this procedure. After intraarticular reconstruction, rotational stability of the knee with combined injuries failed to return to the levels seen in the knee with isolated anterior cruciate ligament deficiencies that underwent the same treatment. When a tenodesis with either 0 N or 22 N of tension was added to the intraarticular reconstruction in the knee with combined injuries, we found that excessive internal rotation significantly decreased at all angles of flexion, except at full extension with 0 N of tension. In addition, the extraarticular reconstruction with 22 N of tension in the tenodesis overconstrained the knee in internal rotation between 30 degrees and 90 degrees of knee flexion. The tenodesis with 0 N of tension overconstrained the knee at only 60 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion. These results suggest extraarticular reconstruction as an adjunct to the intraarticular operation for the knee with anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral structural injuries. The results also suggest that the surgeon can affect anterior and rotational laxity by adjusting the tension in the tenodesis.
We performed an epidemiologic survey to estimate the number of grip lock injuries occurring among male high school and college gymnasts. These injuries occur when dowel grips used by the gymnast become locked on the bar as the gymnast's momentum carries him through the skill being performed. We also questioned injured gymnasts to obtain details of their injuries. Thirty-eight high school coaches reported 17 injuries and 32 college coaches reported 21 injuries for a 10-year period; 36% of the coaches responding reported at least one such injury in their program. Of the 23 injured gymnasts who returned detailed questionnaires, 20 had sustained fractures and 9 required surgery. The distal forearm or wrist were the areas injured most often. Fourteen gymnasts had residual pain, seven had functional limitations, and eight had limited motion in the wrist. Fifteen of the 23 athletes were using a cubital (hyperpronated) grip at the time of injury and 19 were using dowel grips. Among the reasons cited for the injury, 18 gymnasts thought that their grips were either too large, worn, or stretched; 8 said the grips slid up their wrists, and 7 cited technical errors.
He has been teaching science and engineering courses there for 26 years, and is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Oklahoma. He received BS and MS Degrees in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering from Purdue University in 1985 and 1986, and a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from UCLA in 1992. He received an MA Degree in Biblical Literature from Oral Roberts University in 2013. His current research interests involve the use if virtual reality for engineering education, the integration of faith and learning, contributions from the field of engineering to the current science/theology discussion, reverse engineering of complex natural systems, and the preparation of scientists and engineers for missions work within technical communities.
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