The reactions of water with the coordinatively unsaturated group 10 organometallic cations [(L)M(R)] + (4; where L = 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), neocuproine (neo); M = nickel, palladium, platinum; R = CH 3 , C 6 H 5 , CH 2 C 6 H 5 ), formed via decarboxylation of the carboxylate complexes [(L)M(O 2 CR)] + , were examined in the gas phase using a combination of multistage mass spectrometry experiments and DFT calculations at the M06/SDD6-31+G(d) level of theory. Two main types of primary product ions were observed: the aqua adduct [(L)M(R)(H 2 O)] + (5) and the hydroxide [(L)M(OH)] + (7), formed via a hydrolysis reaction. A secondary product ion, arising from formation of the adduct [(L)M(OH)(H 2 O)] + , was also observed when L = phen, R = CH 3 , and M = Pt. The rates of reaction of 4 and the product branching ratios for 5 and 7 were dependent upon the nature of M, L, and R. When L = phen and R = CH 3 , the hydroxide 7 dominates for Ni, with the adduct 5 as the major product for both Pd and Pt. For R = C 6 H 5 the rate of the reaction is slower, while for R = CH 2 C 6 H 5 no reaction occurs. Replacing the phen auxiliary ligand with neo dramatically slows down the rate of reaction with water. DFT calculations reveal that an acid−base hydrolysis mechanism is favored over an oxidative addition/reductive elimination mechanism proceeding via the M(IV) intermediate [(L)M(CH 3 )(H)-(OH)] + . Furthermore, the relative energies calculated for the barriers of these hydrolysis reactions are consistent with the experimentally observed reactivity trends. This mechanism is also supported by RRKM theory/master equation simulations, which demonstrate that formation of the aqua adduct and hydroxide can be explained by competition between unimolecular dissociation and collisional deactivation of the chemically activated reaction adduct within the ion trap. The lack of reactivity of the benzyl systems appears to arise from η 3 binding of the benzyl group, which blocks access to the incoming water. Finally, links are made to group 10 three-coordinate organometallic complexes in the condensed phase.
The .xyz file contains the computed Cartesian coordinates of all of the molecules reported in this study. This file may be opened as a text file to read the coordinates, or opened directly by a molecular modeling program such as Mercury (version 3.3 or later, http:// www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/pages/Home.aspx) for visualization and analysis.
Gas-phase carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, catalyzed by group 10 metal acetate cations [(phen)M(O2CCH3)](+) (where M = Ni, Pd or Pt) formed via electrospray ionization of metal acetate complexes [(phen)M(O2CCH3)2], were examined using an ion trap mass spectrometer and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In step 1 of the catalytic cycle, collision induced dissociation (CID) of [(phen)M(O2CCH3)](+) yields the organometallic complex, [(phen)M(CH3)](+), via decarboxylation. [(phen)M(CH3)](+) reacts with allyl acetate via three competing reactions, with reactivity orders (% reaction efficiencies) established via kinetic modeling. In step 2a, allylic alkylation occurs to give 1-butene and reform metal acetate, [(phen)M(O2CCH3)](+), with Ni (36%) > Pd (28%) > Pt (2%). Adduct formation, [(phen)M(C6H11O2)](+), occurs with Pt (24%) > Pd (21%) > Ni(11%). The major losses upon CID on the adduct, [(phen)M(C6H11O2)](+), are 1-butene for M = Ni and Pd and methane for Pt. Loss of methane only occurs for Pt (10%) to give [(phen)Pt(C5H7O2)](+). The sequences of steps 1 and 2a close a catalytic cycle for decarboxylative carbon-carbon bond coupling. DFT calculations suggest that carbon-carbon bond formation occurs via alkene insertion as the initial step for all three metals, without involving higher oxidation states for the metal centers.
Previous studies have shown that highly reactive product ions formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) of precursor ions generated via electrospray can readily react with residual solvent or drying gases, especially in ion trap mass spectrometers. Here we report on the rapid addition of nitrogen to the coordinatively unsaturated organoplatinum cation, [(phen)Pt(CH(3))](+) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline) formed via decarboxylation of the acetate complex [(phen)Pt(O(2) CCH(3))](+). This contrasts with the related coordinatively unsaturated group 10 cations: addition of nitrogen to [(phen)Pd(CH(3))](+) occurs at longer reaction times, whereas addition of nitrogen to [(phen)Ni(CH(3))](+) is virtually non-existent. To better understand these reactions, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/SDD6-31+G(d) level of theory to determine the N(2)-binding energies of [(phen)M(CH(3))](+). [(phen)Pt(CH(3))](+) has a higher binding energy to N(2) (1.06 eV) than either [(phen)Ni(CH(3))](+) (0.61 eV) or [(phen)Pd(CH(3))](+) (0.66 eV), consistent with the experimental ease of addition of nitrogen to the coordinatively unsaturated organometallic complexes, [(phen)M(CH(3))](+). Finally, [(phen)M(CH(3))](+) are reactive to other background gases, forming [(phen)M(O(2))](.+) (for M=Ni) in reactions with oxygen and undergoing water addition (for M=Ni, Pd and Pt) and water addition/CH(4) elimination reactions to yield [(phen)M(OH)](+) (for M=Ni and Pt).
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