Objectives To determine whether the severity of haematuria (microscopic or gross) at diagnosis influences the disease stage at presentation in patients diagnosed with bladder cancer. Patients and Methods We conducted a multi‐institutional observational cohort study of patients who were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer between August 1999 and May 2012. We reviewed the degree of haematuria, demographic information, clinical and social history, imaging, and pathology. The association of haematuria severity with incident tumour stage and grade was evaluated using logistic regression. Results Patients diagnosed with bladder cancer presented with gross haematuria (GH; 1 083, 78.3%), microscopic haematuria (MH; 189, 13.7%) or without haematuria (112, 8.1%). High‐grade disease was found in 64% and 57.1% of patients presenting with GH and MH, respectively, and severity of haematuria was not associated with higher grade disease. Stage of disease at diagnosis for patients presenting with MH was Ta/carcinoma in situ (CIS) in 68.8%, T1 in 19.6%, and ≥T2 in 11.6%. Stage of disease at diagnosis for patients presenting with GH was Ta/CIS in 55.9%, T1 in 19.6%, and ≥T2 in 17.9%. On multivariate analyses, GH was independently associated with ≥T2 disease at diagnosis (odds ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.05–2.71, P = 0.03). Conclusions Among patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer, presentation with GH is associated with a more advanced pathological stage. Earlier detection of disease, before development of GH, could influence survival in patients with bladder cancer. Type of haematuria at presentation does not impact grade of disease.

Nomograms for predicting the risk of prostate cancer developed using other populations may introduce sizable bias when applied to a Chinese cohort. In the present study, we sought to develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy in a Chinese population. A total of 535 Chinese men who underwent a prostatic biopsy for the detection of prostate cancer in the past decade with complete biopsy data were included. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictors of a positive initial biopsy. Age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume (PV), digital rectal examination (DRE) status, % free PSA and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) findings were included in the analysis. A nomogram model was developed that was based on these independent predictors to calculate the probability of a positive initial prostate biopsy. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to assess the accuracy of using the nomogram and PSA levels alone for predicting positive prostate biopsy. The rate for positive initial prostate biopsy was 41.7% (223/535). The independent variables used to predict a positive initial prostate biopsy were age, PSA, PV and DRE status. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for a positive initial prostate biopsy for PSA alone and the nomogram were 79.7% and 84.8%, respectively. Our results indicate that the risk of a positive initial prostate biopsy can be predicted to a satisfactory level in a Chinese population using our nomogram. The nomogram can be used to identify and counsel patients who should consider a prostate biopsy, ultimately enhancing accuracy in diagnosing prostate cancer.

Objective To compare the effects of tumor volume (TV), tumor percentage involvement (TPI) and prostate volume (PV) on PSA recurrence (PSAR) following radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods A cohort of 3528 patients receiving RP between 1988 and 2008 was retrieved from the Duke Prostate Center. Patients were stratified by TV (<3cc, 3-6cc, >6cc), TPI (<10%, 10-20%, >20%) and PV (<35cc, 35-45cc, >45cc) and their effects on PSAR evaluated using Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis. Clinico-pathological variables included in univariate analysis were age at surgery, race, year of surgery, PSA, pathological Gleason score, pathological tumor stage, margin status, extra capsular extension (ECE) and seminal vesicle invasion (SVI). The effects of TV, TPI and PV (as continuous and categorical variables) on PSAR were compared using Cox analysis. Results TPI, TV and PV were predictive of PSAR (p <0.05) in KM. In multivariate analysis as continuous variables, TPI and PV were predictive of PSAR (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.16 and OR = 0.65, p <0.05). As categorical variables, TPI > 20% and PV 10-35cc were predictive of PSAR (OR = 1.45 and OR = 1.25, p <0.05). TV was not predictive of PSAR in either analysis. Pathological Gleason score ≥ 7, PSA, positive margins, SVI and tumor stage T3/4 were found to be predictors of PSAR (p <0.05). Conclusions TV, TPI and PV were predictive of PSAR in univariate analysis, but only TPI and PV were predictive in multivariate analysis. TPI and PV should be considered when evaluating, assessing and counseling patients about PSAR risk.

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Prostate volume (PV) has been shown to be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) detection rates in men with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the 'grey zone' (2.0-10.0 ng ml 21 ). However, the PSA 'grey zone' in Asian men should be higher because the incidence of PCa in Asian men is relatively low. Therefore, we evaluated the association between PV and PCa detection rates in men with PSAs measuring 10-50 ng ml 21 . Men who underwent a 13-core prostatic biopsy with PV documentation participated in the study. A multivariate stepwise regression was used to evaluate whether the PV at time of prostate biopsy could predict the risk of PCa. The rates of PCa among men in different PSA ranges, stratified by PV medians (,60 and o60 ml), were calculated. There were 261 men included in the final analysis. PV was the strongest predictor of PCa risk (odds ratio, 0.02; P,0.001) compared to other variables. The PCa rates in men with PVs measuring ,60 and o60 ml in the 10-19.9 ng ml 21 PSA group were 40.6% and 15.1%, respectively, while the rates for men with PSAs measuring 20-50 ng ml 21 were 65.1% and 26.8%. PV is an independent predictor of PCa in men with PSA measuring 10-50 ng ml 21 . In clinical practice, particularly for those countries with lower incidences of PCa, PV should be considered when counselling patients with PSAs measuring 10-50 ng ml 21 regarding their PCa risks.