A gap in the census surveys for England and Wales between 1921 and 1951 hinders the analysis of their labour structure for the interwar years. The present article uses a dataset containing occupational titles from the National Register – a census-like enumeration of 1939, recently digitised by the genealogy service ‘Find My Past’ – which was previously assigned numerical codes (the pst system). The study expands the existing data analysis on the occupational structure of England and Wales by introducing three further variables: the gender of the surveyed individuals, their age, and the shares of the inactive population per gender and age groups.
In the 18 th century, a positive growth of Great Britain's total factor productivity (TFP)where TFP is an encompassing indicator measuring changes in factors such as technology acquisition and the institutional environmentcontributed to the take-off of the First Industrial Revolution.Italy, which had been the "leading European economy" in the 15 th century, started, from the beginning of the sixteenth century, to lag behind Great Britain in terms of productivity enhancement. Only from the second half of the nineteenth century Italy's TFP began a new phase of growth, reaching its peak during the years of the Italian "economic boom" between 1950 and 1970.Due to a lack of historical data, there is a gap in the literature with regards to TFP series in the long run. In the present article, by combing information from the literature, original TFP estimates with a price dual methodology (where changes in factor prices are used to capture physical output) and a Cobb-Douglas production equation, we first introduce a set of new TFP measures for Italy between 1360 and 1770, as well as various global regions, between ca. 1400 to 2010. Second, the resulting new dataset of TFP estimates allows us to empirically assess the role of global spill over effects of technology in the TFP changes for Italy in the long run. We find that spill over effects had a non-significant effect in determining Italy's TFP decline between ca.1600-1800. On the contrary, they grew faster during the period 1890-2010, and had peaks during phases of declining local (trend) TFP growth, such as between the two world wars and in the period starting with the second globalization .
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.