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Traditionally, wine production has been assumed as an environmentally friendly process. However, it requires a considerable amount of resources (e.g. water, fertilisers and organic amendments), and, at the same time, producing a large amount of waste and by-products. Environmental analysis of the wine making process reports that organic solid wastes and wastewater represent the main effluents of the sector. This review aims to make an overview about the recent insights and results related to valorisation of grape pomace and how this approach, considering the number of dedicated studies, is now reaching its maturity. By-products valorisation, a concept increasingly consolidated in the field of industrial residues management, holds immense potential for prospective production. In this regard, the valorisation of grape pomace is proving its effectiveness, obtaining remarkable results.

1A strategy to maximize the health benefits of wheat-based products enriched with refined 2 flour and selected fractions of kernel, obtained by sequential pearling, has been tested.

In this study, the chemical composition of pigmented wheats (yellow, purple and blue types), and the distribution of the bioactive compounds in their roller-milled and pearled fractions, were compared with conventional wheats (red and white types). Roller-milling promoted the recovery of total dietary fiber, β-glucans, phenolic acids and anthocyanins in the bran fraction, which resulted also in a higher total antioxidant activity than the refined flour. Conversely, lutein resulted mainly concentrated in the refined flour. In the same way, the distribution pattern in the pearled fractions differ depending on the bioactive considered. The study highlights that a careful selection of the most appropriate fractionation process should be performed to produce flours rich in bioactive compounds. Roller-milling resulted useful for the production of refined flours rich in xanthophylls, with particular emphasis to the yellow-grained wheats. Contrarily, pearling could be more useful in the valorization of the health potential of anthocyanin-pigmented varieties.

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