To tackle the climate crisis, the European energy strategy relies on consumers taking ownership of the energy transition, accelerating decarbonisation through investments in low-carbon technologies and ensuring system stability and reliability by actively participating in the market. Therefore, tools are needed to better understand an increasingly complex and actor-dense energy system, tracking socio-technical dynamics that occur at its margins and then predicting the effects on larger scales. Yet, existing domestic energy demand models are not flexible enough to incorporate a wide range of socio-technical factors, and to be incorporated into larger energy system simulation environments. Here, a co-simulation design for domestic energy demand modeling is presented and motivated on the basis of four design principles: granularity, scalability, modularity and transparency. Microsimulation of domestic energy demand, through the Python open source library demod, shows that it is possible to achieve high detail and high temporal resolution without compromising scalability. Furthermore, mosaik, an open source co-simulation framework, makes it possible to generate, integrate and orchestrate a multitude of demod-based instances with other independent models, which for the illustrative purposes of this study are represented by a heat pump model. The authors hope that the detailed documentation of the proposed solution will encourage interdisciplinary and collaborative efforts to develop a simulation ecosystem capable of investigating alternative energy transition pathways and evaluating policy interventions through the socio-technical lens.
The increasing share of intermittent sources is making it more difficult to guarantee a real-time balance between demand and supply on the electricity grid. To decrease the dependency from fossil fuel generation, a change in paradigm is required: from supply following demand whenever it occurs to demand following generation when it is available. Demand Response (DR) programs enclose all practices that allow demand to take part in actively managing the grid. According to this perspective, the residential sector hides a huge still unexploited flexibility resource. Therefore, utilities and aggregators need to address weak customer engagement and a lack of regulation in order to employ innovative business models for harnessing residential DR programs potential. Within this paper, some of these challenges are investigated, with the view to improve the design of an appropriate engagement strategy and an incentive scheme to involve residential customers. The innovation consists in the development of a questionnaire as a tool to understand customers' behavior and preferences, so to consequently design customized solutions. Finally, a first order approximation techno-economic analysis is conducted to contextualize the actual incentives for the single customer.
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