During the 1995 outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a series of 103 cases (one-third of the total number of cases) had clinical symptoms and signs accurately recorded by medical workers, mainly in the setting of the urban hospital in Kikwit. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed retrospectively in cases for which serum samples were available (n = 63, 61% of the cases). The disease began unspecifically with fever, asthenia, diarrhea, headaches, myalgia, arthralgia, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Early inconsistent signs and symptoms included conjunctival injection, sore throat, and rash. Overall, bleeding signs were observed in <45% of the cases. Typically, terminally ill patients presented with obtundation, anuria, shock, tachypnea, and normothermia. Late manifestations, most frequently arthralgia and ocular diseases, occurred in convalescent patients. This series is the most extensive number of cases of Ebola hemorrhagic fever observed during an outbreak.

Between 6 and 22 June 1995, 8 patients in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, who met the case definition used in Kikwit for Ebola (EBO) hemorrhagic fever, were transfused with blood donated by 5 convalescent patients. The donated blood contained IgG EBO antibodies but no EBO antigen. EBO antigens were detected in all the transfusion recipients just before transfusion. The 8 transfused patients had clinical symptoms similar to those of other EBO patients seen during the epidemic. All were seriously ill with severe asthenia, 4 presented with hemorrhagic manifestations, and 2 became comatose as their disease progressed. Only 1 transfused patient (12.5%) died; this number is significantly lower than the overall case fatality rate (80%) for the EBO epidemic in Kikwit and than the rates for other EBO epidemics. The reason for this low fatality rate remains to be explained. The transfused patients did receive better care than those in the initial phase of the epidemic. Plans should be made to prepare for a more thorough evaluation of passive immune therapy during a new EBO outbreak.

Fifteen (14%) of 105 women with Ebola hemorrhagic fever hospitalized in the isolation unit of the Kikwit General Hospital (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were pregnant. In 10 women (66%) the pregnancy ended with an abortion. In 3 of them, a curettage was performed, and all 3 received a blood transfusion from an apparently healthy person. One woman was prematurely delivered of a stillbirth. Four pregnant women died during the third trimester of their pregnancy. All women presented with severe bleeding. Only 1 survived; she had a curettage because of an incomplete abortion after 8 months of amenorrhea. The mortality among pregnant women with Ebola hemorrhagic fever (95.5%) was slightly but not significantly higher than the overall mortality observed during the Ebola epidemic in Kikwit (77%; 245/316 infected persons).During the Ebola (EBO) hemorrhagic fever (EHF) epidemic neous eruption (13%), and an increased respiratory rate (60%). They all presented with signs of hemorrhage, including severe in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the number of infected women was slightly higher than the number of genital bleeding (100%), melena (67%), gum bleeding (53%), ecchymosis (47%), bleeding at injection sites (47%), hemateminfected men [1]. During the Kikwit epidemic, only a small number of women were pregnant, which contrasts with the esis (40%), petechia (13%), and hematuria (7%). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were also noted in all women: headache EBO epidemic in Yambuku, DRC, where 82 (46%) of 177 EBO-infected women were pregnant [2 -4]. Of the 202 EHF (100%), anxiety (100%), decreased consciousness (100%), apathy (93%), coma (93%), delirium (67%), and convulsions patients hospitalized at the Kikwit General Hospital, 105 were women, and 15 (14%) of them were or had been pregnant (47%). No differences were observed in the clinical course of the infection according to age or parity. One patient survived, during their illness. This report describes these 15 women. and the others all died within 10 days (mean duration of illness of those who died, 8 days; range, 4 -13). Patients and MethodsIn 10 women (67%), the pregnancy ended with an abortion. In 3 of them a curettage was done, and they received a blood wore gloves, a mask, and a plastic apron.Only 1 woman survived. She was 32 years old and had had a curettage because of an incomplete abortion after 8 months of Results amenorrhea. The patient survived despite hypovolemic shock Of the 15 pregnant women with EHF, 4 (27%) were in the caused by severe genital bleeding. One of the women was first trimester, 6 (40%) in the second trimester, and 5 (33%) prematurely delivered of a stillbirth at 32 weeks. Four women in the third trimester. Their mean age was 32 years (range, died during the third trimester of their pregnancy. Only 1 24 -38). They developed the following symptoms and signs:woman delivered a full-term baby. The mother of this baby fever (100%), asthenia (100%), abdominal pain (100%), conhad developed fever 4 days before delivery. The delivery took junct...

In contrast with procedures in previous Ebola outbreaks, patient care during the 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, was centralized for a large number of patients. On 4 May, before the diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an isolation ward was created at Kikwit General Hospital. On 11 May, an international scientific and technical committee established as a priority the improvement of hygienic conditions in the hospital and the protection of health care workers and family members; to this end, protective equipment was distributed and barrier-nursing techniques were implemented. For patients living far from Kikwit, home care was organized. Initially, hospitalized patients were given only oral treatments; however, toward the end of the epidemic, infusions and better nutritional support were given, and 8 patients received blood from convalescent EHF patients. Only 1 of the transfusion patients died (12.5%). It is expected that with improved medical care, the case fatality rate of EHF could be reduced.

Three (15%) of 20 survivors of the 1995 Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo enrolled in a follow-up study and 1 other survivor developed ocular manifestations after being asymptomatic for 1 month. Patients complained of ocular pain, photophobia, hyperlacrimation, and loss of visual acuity. Ocular examination revealed uveitis in all 4 patients. All patients improved with a topical treatment of 1% atropine and steroids.

The aim of the study was to compare the placental transfer of tetanus toxoid antibodies (TTAB) and total IgG in Africa, where we had previously demonstrated a lack of transmission from mother to the newborn of measles antibodies. Two series of mother-child pairs, 45 in Paris and 134 in Libreville, Gabon, Central Africa, were measured after full-term pregnancies and normal deliveries. Means of ratios of cord/mother concentrations for TT AB and IgG were, respectively, 2.52 and 1.28 in Paris and 0.98 and 0.82 in Gabon. In 11 pairs from Libreville no TT AB were found in mother and cord blood, but in four other African newborns (3 per cent), the mother transmitted TT AB which were lower than protective level against tetanus. Other data (negative correlation between mother IgG and cord/mother ratio of corresponding TT AB concentrations, and better transmission of TT AB in the low range of maternal IgG) indicate that the limitation of active placental transfer of antibodies is related to the high maternal IgG level common in Africa.