Background: Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality during the neonatal period especially in the first week of life. The objectives of this study were to determine early breastfeeding initiation (EBFI) and the incidence of neonatal sepsis in in the first week of life in Chipinge District, Zimbabwe.Methods: After obtaining approval from the ethical institutional review board and Medical research council of Zimbabwe, a total of 200 healthy term neonates were recruited into a prospective cohort study within 24 hours of birth after the mothers had given an informed consent. Mother and baby pair was followed up at day 3 and day 7 to assess presence of infection using clinical checklist and physical examination.Results: The Pearson correlation was significant at 0.01 level (2 tailed) at day 3 and day 7. The findings revealed a significant association between EBFI and neonatal sepsis in the first week of life.Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading causes of death during the neonatal period especially in the first week of life. Findings of the study revealed a significant Pearson correlation at 0.01 levels (2 tailed) at day 3 and day 7. Delayed initiation of breastfeeding increases the risk of neonatal sepsis and about 33 % neonatal deaths can be averted if breastfeeding is initiated within an hour of birth.
This descriptive survey identified factors contributing to phlebitis among 46 adult inpatients using a systematic random sample. The visual infusion phlebitis score was used for assessment. All participants had phlebitis, with stage 4 being most frequent. Factors identified were gender (males-91.7%); immunosuppression (human immunodeficiency virus-63.0%; diabetes-100%; immunosuppressive drugs-100%; absolute leucocyte count <1000 μL-100%); number of catheters inserted (>1-90.9%); site of catheterization (dorsum of wrist-100%); catheter dwell time (2-4 days-100%); catheter gauge (18-gauge-75%); catheter securement (unsecured/contaminated dressing-90%); regularity of catheter flushing (catheter never flushed-72.7%); and continuous infusion (94.2%).
This study aimed at determining the factors associated with maternal and child health services uptake and their association with maternal and child health outcomes. Design and setting:The study was conducted in two districts in Mashonaland East namely Murewa and Seke in Zimbabwe. An analytical cross sectional study design was conducted between November 2016 and March 2017. Women with children 0-48 months who were being recruited for an interventional study were targeted with an aim of determining the baseline characteristics and comparability of participants in the intervention and control arm. A sample of 672 mothers was interviewed. Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20 and STATA 13. Main outcome(s):The study focused on maternal and child health outcomes. Results:The mean age for the women was 28.0 years (SD=6.8) and the mean birth weight for children was 3061 g (SD=537). Women had a mean weight of 62.5 kg (SD=11.5) and the mean number of children per woman were 2.6 (SD=1.5). In this study 154 (22.9%) of the participants booked for Antenatal Care (ANC) in the first trimester and 321 (47.7%) and 171 (25.4%) booking in the second and third trimester respectively. There was a statistically significant association between a child's gestational age and birth weight (OR=2.14; 95% CI: 1.22-3.75). Maternal complications were significantly associated with the number of children delivered prior to the last pregnancy (OR=4.4; 95% CI: 2.45-8.04). First ANC timing was strongly associated with the place of delivery (OR=2.84, 95% CI: 1.53-5.25) and so was ANC registration decision making (OR=3.52; 95% CI: 1.88-6.58). The weaning time was significantly associated with child morbidity (OR=5.28; 95% CI: 2.57-9.86). Conclusion:This study revealed that though there is a satisfactory health seeking behavior among pregnant and lactating women, there is still a significant gap in knowledge of critical recommended Maternal Neonatal and Child Health (MNCH) practices. Good knowledge and practices are essential in the reduction of preventable maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Universal maternal health access is only achievable if the women and the community take decisions about their own health in a supportive environment; hence the need to have community based interventions for maternal health access. The results of the study have shown that the quality and methods of delivery of antenatal care education need to reviewed to improve effectiveness of antenatal care.
Earlier studies conducted in Africa have generally generated evidence that women in low income countries have a high physical workload that is sustained during pregnancy. This high physical workload was believed to contribute to the high incidence of low birth weight. However, there are only few published studies on physical activity among pregnant women in low-income countries, and most have been based on questionnaires. This research aims to explore the status of physical activity and factors influencing physical activity in pregnant women in Africa. Pubmed, Scopus and Cinahl databases were searched with no date restrictions using the Mesh terms "pregnancy", "physical activity", "exercise" and "Africa". Articles were independently screened by 2 reviewers. A metaanalysis could not be done due to the heterogeneity of the articles hence a narrative synthesis of evidence was done instead. The results revealed a total of 5 articles from Africa. The major form of physical activity reported was household activities which fall below the recommended intensity during pregnancy. Physical activity tended to decrease as pregnancy progressed. The study thus, low levels of physical activity in pregnancy are prevalent in developing countries as well as in developed countries. However existing published data are too few to generalize to the whole of the African continent household activities.
The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between HIV status disclosure and social support among people living with HIV and AIDS aged 18 to 64 years at Bindura Provincial Hospital OI/ART clinic. Descriptive Correlational design was used. A sample size of 236 respondents were chosen into the study using the simple random sampling technique with a rotary method. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire for a period of four weeks. Statistical software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data. Results revealed that 138 (58, 5%) respondents disclosed their HIV sero positive status and hundred nigh teen (86%) respondents received social support. Pearson correlation coefficient (r=.815;p<.01) showed a statistically significant strong positive relationship. Social support had an impact of 66, 4% on HIV status disclosure (R 2. 664) . . HIV disclosure services should be strengthened in order to promote disclosure among people living with HIV and AIDS.
Introduction: Preventing and managing obstetric fistula contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal three (3) of improving maternal health. Obstetric fistula is one of the most serious and tragic childbirth injuries. It leave s women leaking urine, faeces or both, and often leads to chronic medical problems with underlying stress, depression, social isolation and deepening poverty. Most women will not seek treatment but rather isolate themselves leading to complications. Also, and quite disturbing, most women do not know that the anomaly can be corrected. According to WHO (2005), an estimate of 50,000 to 100,000 women are found to be developing obstetric fistulae each year. In developing countries, in particular, more than two million women living with obstetrical fistulae are under the age of 30. In poor countries, the youngest patients are 12-13 years, between 50 to 80% of women are younger than 20 years in developing countries. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to equip women so as to prevent early marriage, adolescent pregnancies, endorse the importance of educating a girl child and the importance of hospital delivery and antenatal care services. Methodology:Walker & Avant's (2011), eight (8) step classic procedure for concept analysis was adopted in analyzing the concept of obstetric fistula stress. Literature search was done in 3 weeks and out of the 30 reviewed only 12 articles were selected for analysis. Google scholar search engine was used to assess journals and papers.Results: Literature focused on defining the attributes of obstetric fistula, which are early marriages, teenage pregnancies, late antenatal booking and home deliveries. Obstetric fistula was defined as a hole that develops between the birth canal and bladder and/or rectum, it is caused by prolonged, obstructed labour without access to timely, high -quality medical treatment. It leaves women leaking urine, faeces or both, and often leads to chronic medical problems with underlying stress, depression, social isolation and deepening poverty. Conclusion:Obstetric fistulae affect the woman as she becomes emotionally, physically and psychologically stressed. She becomes a social outcast, worsened by at times a fruitless, prolonged and exhaustive, painful lab our. Most men end up divorcing these women as the sexual activity is affected, further deepening the impact of the injury and its associated loss and accompanying stress. The development of an obstetric fistula is directly linked to obstructed labour, one of the major causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Medium to low income countries can manage obstetric fistulae by advocating for a delayed age of first pregnancy, encouraging the cessation of harmful traditional practices and promoting timely access to maternity and obstetric care, and when present disseminating information of its repair by simple surgery. It is therefore of vital importance that women be prepared to avoid early marriage, teenage pregnancy, appreciate the importance of e ducat...
The objective of the paper was to describe the concept Early Breastfeeding Initiation (EBFI). Early breastfeeding initiation (EBFI) is recommended within the first hour following giving birth as a simple strategy in enhancing neonatal health and survival. Despite the clear definition by [WHO] on EBFI, some variations still exists across board on what exactly EBFI initiation is. The variations have compounded negatively on neonatal outcome s hence the need to describe EBFI by assigning measurable attributes for standardisation of operations in maternity units. A literature review of 39 articles was conducted between the years 1999 to 2016 in a period of two weeks from the 1 st to the 15 th of July 2016. The following search engines were used: Cochrane data base, Journal of human Lactation, Pub-med and MEDLINE. EBFI has been inconsistently described within the same health profession. Taking into cognisant the attributes of EBFI and applying them in the maternity units has a potential of averting neonatal deaths by a significant percentage.
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