Background A majority of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) display persistent exercise intolerance despite new specific therapies. Whether patients with IPAH exhibit peripheral muscle dysfunction that may contribute to this limitation remains unknown. The hypothesis that the muscles of patients with IPAH are weaker and display morphological changes compared with those of control subjects and that those changes partly correlate with their exercise capacity was tested.Objective To characterise quadriceps function, morphology and the enzymatic profile of patients with IPAH. Methods Exercise capacity, limb muscle cross-sectional area by CT scan, quadriceps strength by maximal voluntary contraction and non-volitional magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve (quadriceps twitch; TWq), and muscle morphology and enzymatic profile by quadriceps biopsy of 10 patients with IPAH were compared with those of 10 matched controls subjects. Results Patients with IPAH displayed a lower proportion of type I muscle fibres (p¼0.05), a lower maximal voluntary contraction (p¼0.05) and TWq (p¼0.01), and an increased muscular phosphofructokinase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase ratio (p¼0.05). They also tended to have lower thigh muscle cross-sectional area (p¼0.15). Maximal oxygen uptake correlated with quadriceps strength (R 2 ¼0.42, p¼0.04), and oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold correlated with muscle oxidative capacity assessed by oxidative enzyme level for citrate synthase (R 2 ¼0.45, p¼0.05) and 3-hydroxyacylCoA-dehydrogenase (R 2

High-flow nasal cannula, when set at 60 L/min, significantly reduces the indexes of respiratory effort in adult patients recovering from acute respiratory failure. This effect is associated with an improvement in respiratory mechanics.

Peripheral muscle characteristic improvements may contribute to the clinical benefit observed following a rehabilitation program in IPAH.

The improvement in peak exercise capacity with oxygen supplementation could be explained by the reduction in dyspnea at submaximal exercise and the increases in QO2LEG and VO2LEG, which enabled the exercising muscles to perform more external work. These data indicate that the metabolic capacity of the lower limb muscles was not exhausted at peak exercise during room air breathing in these patients with COPD.