Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) ABSTRACTThe Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) is a core command and control (C2) function in which sensors, shooters, and refuelers are managed by Weapons Directors (WDs) in an airborne radar and communications command post. Improving the quality of WD training can have profound effects on mission outcome. A basic technology capable of this is "intelligent-agent" technology, which allows more frequent practice via simulated players and embedded decisions aids that display reasonable task options online. We report initial empirical work with an embedded-agent simulation based on the AWACS, namely, the 21 st Century Systems, Inc. WD Intelligent-Agent-Assist platform. Using this platform, we observed how 38 WDs performed during two high-workload missions. One mission was played with a decision aid that recommended target pairings and refuelings, while the other was not. Our sample benefited from the decision aid, but the more experienced WDs benefited the most (counter to our expectations). We discuss the results in terms of interface challenges that decision aids will face in high workload environments. This extends findings in Elliott, Chaiken, Dalrymple, Petrov, Stoyen (2000), Simulationbased agent in a synthetic team
In our long-term program of research in command and control (C2) teamwork and performance, we have extensively analyzed the roles, responsibilities, and interdependencies of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) Weapons Director (WD) teams, using a variety of methods. The AWACS WD team serves as a vital airborne C2 node, providing airborne surveillance and command, control, and communications functions for tactical and air defense forces. They detect, identify, track, and intercept airborne threats. Our investigations seek to identify tools and techniques to facilitate performance in this complex and dynamic domain. In this paper, we describe progress toward an agent-based decision support system, the AWACS WD Intelligent Agent Assistant (IAA). The WD-IAA will facilitate decision making for decision events which are both typical and time consuming. This paper will describe approach, methodology, and potential application areas for agent-technologies in C2 training. Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) July 2000 REPORT TYPE Final -Technical Report DATES COVERED (From -To)Oct 94 to Apr 00 I. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Ai r SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) AFRL SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-HE-AZ-TR-2000-0085 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTDistributed mission training (DMT) enables participants to perform within a virtual battlespace created by networking several high fidelity simulations. In a recent exercise, ROADRUNNER '98, several agencies interacted to create battlespace missions in which "friendly" fighter aircraft and command and control (C2) crewmembers participated as trainees while supporting roles and enemy forces were either played by operational personnel (virtual players) or created by intelligent agent technology (constructed forces). Trainees participated in complex war scenarios without cost, safety, and security constraints associated with live-fire training. We describe the assessment of C2 teams within this DMT exercise, comprised of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) weapons directors (WDs) and air surveillance technicians. We describe the process by which C2 teamwork dimensions were identified, measures formulated, and results analyzed. Measures of AW ACS team performance were developed based on previous cognitive task analysis data and refined through focal groups comprised of operational AWACS, WDs, or WD instructors.
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