OBJECT Current data show a favorable outcome in up to 50% of patients with World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and a rather poor prediction of worst cases. Thus, the usefulness of the current WFNS grading system for identifying the worst scenarios for clinical studies and for making treatment decisions is limited. One reason for this lack of differentiation is the use of “negative” or “silent” diagnostic signs as part of the WFNS Grade V definition. The authors therefore reevaluated the WFNS scale by using “positive” clinical signs and the logic of the Glasgow Coma Scale as a progressive herniation score. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 182 patients with SAH who had poor grades on the WFNS scale. Patients were graded according to the original WFNS scale and additionally according to a modified classification, the WFNS herniation (hWFNS) scale (Grade IV, no clinical signs of herniation; Grade V, clinical signs of herniation). The prediction of poor outcome was compared between these two grading systems. RESULTS The positive predictive values of Grade V for poor outcome were 74.3% (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.94–7.54) for WFNS Grade V and 85.7% (OR 8.27, 95% CI 3.78–19.47) for hWFNS Grade V. With respect to mortality, the positive predictive values were 68.3% (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.01–7.69) for WFNS Grade V and 77.9% (OR 6.22, 95% CI 3.07–13.14) for hWFNS Grade V. CONCLUSIONS Limiting WFNS Grade V to the positive clinical signs of the Glasgow Coma Scale such as flexion, extension, and pupillary abnormalities instead of including “no motor response” increases the prediction of mortality and poor outcome in patients with severe SAH.

O n presentation at a neurosurgical-neurovascular center, patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) may exhibit a reduced level of consciousness due to initial bleeding, rebleeding, hydrocephalus, sedation, or seizure 1,9,15,20,22 as well as other conditions. Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes seizures in up to 26% of patients, which occur most commonly within the first 24 hours. 3,9,20,23 Most seizures occur before hospital presentation. 20 The severity of SAH, as graded on scales like the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale, as well as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), localization of the aneurysm, and the amount of subarachnoid blood are important risk factors for the development of early seizures. obJect After subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), seizure occurs in up to 26% of patients. The impact of seizure on outcome has been studied, yet its impact on grading is unknown. The authors evaluated the impact of early-onset seizures (EOS) on grading of spontaneous SAH and on outcome. methods This retrospective analysis included consecutive patients with SAH who were treated at the NeuroCenter, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, between January 2005 and December 2010. Demographic data, clinical data, and reports of EOS were recorded. The EOS were defined as seizures occurring within 24 hours after ictus. Patients were graded according to the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale pre- and postresuscitation and dichotomized into good (WFNS I-III) and poor (WFNS IV-V) grades. Outcome was assessed at 6 months by using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS); an mRS score of 0-3 was considered a good outcome and an mRS score of 4-6 was considered a poor outcome. results Forty-one of 425 patients with SAH had EOS. Twenty-seven of those 41 patients (65.9%) had a poor WFNS grade. Twenty-eight (68.3%) achieved a good outcome, 11 (26.8%) had a poor outcome, and 2 (4.9%) were lost to followup. Early-onset seizures were proven in 9 of 16 electroencephalograms. The EOS were associated with poor WFNS grade (OR 2.81, 97.5% CI 1.14-7.46; p = 0.03) and good outcome (OR 4.01, 97.5% CI 1.63-10.53; p = 0.03). Increasing age, hydrocephalus, intracerebral hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage were associated with poor WFNS grade, whereas only age, intracerebral hemorrhage (p < 0.001), and poor WFNS grade (p < 0.001) were associated with poor outcome. coNclusioNs Patients with EOS were classified significantly more often in a poor grade initially, but then they significantly more often achieved a good outcome. The authors conclude that EOS can negatively influence grading. This might influence decision making for the care of patients with SAH, so grading of patients with EOS should be interpreted with caution.

No abstract

information on the intraoperative drain placement, drain amylase level on postoperative day one (POD1), postoperative day of last drain removal and patients with POD1 amylase level > 5000 U/L were also excluded. Patients with early drain removal (3 days) were compared to those with late drain removal (4 days). Multi-variable regression models were used to evaluate the possible benefit of early drain removal after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. Results: 1066 patient were eligible for analysis. Patients with early drain removal had significantly lower mean rates of serious postoperative complications (p< 0.001), overall morbidity (p< 0.001), pancreatic fistula (p< 0.001), organ space infection (p=0.007), delayed gastric emptying (DGE) (p=0.026) and shorter mean in-hospital stay (p< 0.001). After adjustment for many confounding factors with multivariable regression models, the early group continued to have a significantly lower risk of all noted complications, except postoperative DGE. Conclusion: Early removal (3 days)of the drain after Whipple procedures is associated with lower rates of postoperative adverse outcomes when POD 1 drain amylase levels are < 5000 U/L.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract