Polymeric dibromomaleimides as extremely efficient disulfide bridging bioconjugation and pegylation agents. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134 (3).

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With 2 plates and 2 figures in the text)A study was undertaken of the settlement and attachment of larvae of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krsyer, 1837) on a salmonid host Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758. Preferred settlement sites were the fins and other protected areas. Initial, reversible settlement was followed by attachment with the hooked second antennae. The filament used for subsequent attachment was found to comprise three distinct regions; basal plate, stem and external lamina. The filament was secured to the epithelial basement membrane by the basal plate which was formed by secretion down the axial duct from the posterior A-group of cells. The stem was fibrous and carried the axial duct along its length. A thin external lamina covered the stem and was apparently continuous with the chalimus cuticle. A number of filament-associated organs are also described, comprising cell groups A-C although only the function of A was characterized. Contents 0952-8369/91/006201+ 12 $03.00 20 1 0 1991 The Zoological Society of London J . nut. Hist, 8: 681-700. 6 9 373-390. marine animals: 83 -84. Newell, R. C. (Ed.). London: Butterworths. 1593. J . Fish. Res. Bd Canada 2 9 1015-1013. J . Fish. Res. Bd Canada 3 0 88 1-903. californiensis (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae). J . Fish. Res. Bd Canada 28: 1143-1 151. PaciJ Sci. 17: 195-242. 1ahru.x (L.) in Bardawil lagoon. Annls Parasit. hum. Comp. 55(6): 687-706. Abstr. int. ( B ) 32(9): 5547-5548. 9 205-212.

The encapsulation of S-nitrosoglutathione into polymeric nanoparticles substantially improves NO stability in aqueous media without affecting the efficacy of intracellular delivery. The combination of nano-NO delivery and chemotherapy has been found to enhance antitumour activity of chemotherapeutics, as demonstrated using preliminary in vitro experiments with neuroblastoma cells.

. Anecdotal reports from the Scottish fish farming industry suggested a reduction in the sensitivity of salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, to the organophosphate dichlorvos. In this study, pro‐adult and adult lice were collected from marine salmon sites showing a variety of ‘sensitivities’ to dichlorvos and subjected to dichlorvos exposure at a range of doses for a 48‐h period in vitro. From the lice mortalities, 24 and 48 h LC50 values were calculated, and using a ‘sensitive’ source of lice as a reference, resistance ratios calculated. The data generated suggests that L. salmonis from different geographic areas shows differences in sensitivity to dichlorvos. The implications for the salmon farming industry are discussed.

Direct polymer conjugation at peptide tyrosine residues is described. In this study Tyr residues of both leucine enkephalin and salmon calcitonin (sCT) were targeted using appropriate diazonium salt-terminated linear monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s (mPEGs) and poly(mPEG) methacrylate prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Judicious choice of the reaction conditionspH, stoichiometry, and chemical structure of diazonium saltled to a high degree of site-specificity in the conjugation reaction, even in the presence of competitive peptide amino acid targets such as histidine, lysines, and N-terminal amine. In vitro studies showed that conjugation of mPEG2000 to sCT did not affect the peptide’s ability to increase intracellular cAMP induced in T47D human breast cancer cells bearing sCT receptors. Preliminary in vivo investigation showed preserved ability to reduce [Ca2+] plasma levels by mPEG2000-sCT conjugate in rat animal models.

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We employ water-soluble organic phosphines as key reagents in a one-pot synthetic protocol where a (poly)peptide disulfide bridge is first reduced followed by subsequent reaction of the two thiols in situ with poly(monomethoxy ethylene glycol)(meth)acrylates (p(mPEG)(M)A); we use salmon calcitonin (sCT) as a disulfide bridge-containing peptide, which contains a disulfide bridge-Cys1-Cys7-that can be reduced to give two sulfhydryl units available for thiol functionalisation; bioactivity is retained.