Conservation policy decisions can suffer from a lack of evidence, hindering effective decision-making. In nature conservation, studies investigating why policy is often not evidence-informed have tended to focus on Western democracies, with relatively small samples. To understand global variation and challenges better, we established a global survey aimed at identifying top barriers and solutions to the use of conservation science in policy. This obtained the views of 758 people in policy, practice, and research positions from 68 countries across six languages. Here we show that, contrary to popular belief, there is agreement between groups about how to incorporate conservation science into policy, and there is thus room for optimism. Barriers related to the low priority of conservation were considered to be important, while mainstreaming conservation was proposed as a key solution. Therefore, priorities should focus onThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Tree stem form in native tropical forests is very irregular, posing a challenge to establishing taper equations that can accurately predict the diameter at any height along the stem and subsequently merchantable volume. Artificial intelligence approaches can be useful techniques in minimizing estimation errors within complex variations of vegetation. We evaluated the performance of Random Forest® regression tree and Artificial Neural Network procedures in modelling stem taper. Diameters and volume outside bark were compared to a traditional taper-based equation across a tropical Brazilian savanna, a seasonal semi-deciduous forest and a rainforest. Neural network models were found to be more accurate than the traditional taper equation. Random forest showed trends in the residuals from the diameter prediction and provided the least precise and accurate estimations for all forest types. This study provides insights into the superiority of a neural network, which provided advantages regarding the handling of local effects.

Tall trees are key drivers of ecosystem processes in tropical forest, but the controls on the distribution of the very tallest trees remain poorly understood. The recent discovery of grove of giant trees over 80 meters tall in the Amazon forest requires a reevaluation of current thinking. We used high-resolution airborne laser surveys to measure canopy height across 282,750 ha of old-growth and second-growth forests randomly sampling the entire Brazilian Amazon. We investigated how resources and disturbances shape the maximum height distribution across the Brazilian Amazon through the relations between the occurrence of giant trees and environmental factors. Common drivers of height development are fundamentally different from those influencing the occurrence of giant trees. We found that changes in wind and light availability drive giant tree distribution as much as precipitation and temperature, together shaping the forest structure of the Brazilian Amazon. The location of giant trees should be carefully considered by policymakers when identifying important hot spots for the conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon.

Article impact statement: Questions regarding freshwater ecosystem conservation, role of social structure in human-environment interactions, and impacts of conservation need more attention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.[3] AbstractIn 2008, a group of conservation scientists compiled a list of 100 priority questions for the conservation of the world's biodiversity [Sutherland et al. (2009) Conservation Biology, 23, 557-567]. However, now almost a decade later, no one has yet published a study gauging how much progress has been made in addressing these 100 high-priority questions in the peer-reviewed literature. Here we take a first step toward re-examining the 100 questions and identify key knowledge gaps that still remain. Through a combination of a questionnaire and a literature review, we evaluated each of the 100 questions on the basis of two criteria: relevance and effort. We defined highly-relevant questions as those which -if answered -would have the greatest impact on global biodiversity conservation, while effort was quantified based on the number of review publications addressing a particular question, which we used as a proxy for research effort. Using this approach we identified a set of questions that, despite being perceived as highly relevant, have been the focus of relatively few review publications over the past ten years. These questions covered a broad range of topics but predominantly tackled three major themes: the conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems, the role of societal structures in shaping interactions between people and the environment, and the impacts of conservation interventions. We see these questions as important knowledge gaps that have so far received insufficient attention and may need to be prioritised in future research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.[4]

The past 40 years in Southeast Asia have seen about 50% of lowland rainforests converted to oil palm and other plantations, and much of the remaining forest heavily logged. Little is known about how fragmentation influences recovery and whether climate change will hamper restoration. Here, we use repeat airborne LiDAR surveys spanning the hot and dry 2015-16 El Niño Southern Oscillation event to measure canopy height growth across 3,300 ha of regenerating tropical forests spanning a logging intensity gradient in Malaysian Borneo. We show that the drought led to increased leaf shedding and branch fall. Short forest, regenerating after heavy logging, continued to grow despite higher evaporative demand, except when it was located close to oil palm plantations. Edge effects from the plantations extended over 300 metres into the forests. Forest growth on hilltops and slopes was particularly impacted by the combination of fragmentation and drought, but even riparian forests located within 40 m of oil palm plantations lost canopy height during the drought. Our results suggest that small patches of logged forest within plantation landscapes will be slow to recover, particularly as ENSO events are becoming more frequent.

-(Tree community floristic and structure of alluvial forest fragments in São Sebastião da Bela Vista, Minas Gerais, Brazil). Fragments of alluvial forest in the South of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were studied in order to assess the vegetation structure, tree diversity and the most influential environmental variables on vegetation variations. The environment and vegetation data (dbh ≥ 5 cm) were collected in 54, 20 × 10 m, permanents plots allocated in a riverine forest and in five fragments of alluvial forests. In the plots, the survey totalled 2,064 tree individuals, distributed in 51 species. The canonical correspondence analysis detected a tree composition gradient in the first axis, related to Mg, organic matter and H + Al soil content, sand and clay percentage and soil water table level. The CCA second axis was associated with canopy coverage and soil silte percentage. Theses variables caused a plot group formation related to species distribution.Key words -phytosociology, tree component, wetlands RESUMO -(Florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea em fragmentos de floresta aluvial em São Sebastião da Bela Vista, Minas Gerais, Brasil). O presente estudo avaliou a diversidade e estrutura da vegetação de fragmentos de floresta aluvial no Município de São Sebastião da Bela Vista, MG, e as principais variáveis ambientais que influenciam essa vegetação. Os estudos das variáveis ambientais (dados de amostras superficiais dos solos, nível freático no solo, cobertura do dossel e impactos ambientais) e da composição e estrutura da vegetação arbórea (DAP ≥ 5 cm) foram conduzidos em 54 parcelas de 200 m 2 , alocadas em floresta ciliar com influência aluvial e em cinco fragmentos de floresta aluvial. Nas parcelas, foram registrados 2.064 indivíduos pertencentes a 51 espécies. A análise de correspondência canônica detectou gradiente de distribuição das espécies arbóreas no eixo 1, de acordo com os valores no solo de: profundidade do nível freático, porcentagem de areia e argila e teores de Mg, matéria orgânica e H + Al. O eixo 2 esteve correlacionado com as variáveis cobertura do dossel e porcentagem de silte no solo. Estas variáveis ambientais ocasionaram a formação de grupos de parcelas, de acordo com a distribuição das espécies.Palavras-chave -áreas inundáveis, componente arbóreo, fitossociologia IntroduçãoDentre os fatores que podem causar a fragmentação natural de hábitats estão incluídos os processos hidrogeológicos, que produzem áreas com inundação temporária ou permanente (MMA 2003), mescladas com áreas mais elevadas, com conseqüente menor saturação hídrica. Nas áreas mais baixas e saturadas, na maioria das vezes, há o impedimento de formação de vegetação arbórea, predominando uma vegetação herbácea adaptada, enquanto que nas elevações, há o desenvolvimento do estrato arbóreo, formando fragmentos florestais naturais que, durante a estação chuvosa, podem ser alagados. Além destas áreas, que normalmente estão em planícies associadas a cursos de água, existem as florestas ciliares sobre os diques, margeando...

Predictions of the magnitude and timing of leaf phenology in Amazonian forests remain highly controversial. Here, we use terrestrial LiDAR surveys every two weeks spanning wet and dry seasons in Central Amazonia to show that plant phenology varies strongly across vertical strata in old-growth forests, but is sensitive to disturbances arising from forest fragmentation. In combination with continuous microclimate measurements, we find that when maximum daily temperatures reached 35 °C in the latter part of the dry season, the upper canopy of large trees in undisturbed forests lost plant material. In contrast, the understory greened up with increased light availability driven by the upper canopy loss, alongside increases in solar radiation, even during periods of drier soil and atmospheric conditions. However, persistently high temperatures in forest edges exacerbated the upper canopy losses of large trees throughout the dry season, whereas the understory in these light-rich environments was less dependent on the altered upper canopy structure. Our findings reveal a strong influence of edge effects on phenological controls in wet forests of Central Amazonia.

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