Forensic experts in the field of fingerprint examination are prone to cognitive errors that can affect the opinion issuing process. A study was conducted to determine if students exhibiting certain intensities of two personality traits: the need for cognitive closure and controllability, have a predisposition to be better fingerprint examination experts compared to others. The study consisted of three stages: completion of personality questionnaires, training in fingerprint examination, and finally a fingerprint examination – related task. The task was appropriately staged to introduce cognitive illusions, led by which, the subjects were more likely to give incorrect answers. No significant correlation was found between the studied characteristics and correctness, biases, caution, and decisiveness in the task performed. The subjects were significantly more likely to give incorrect answers. There was a positive correlation of time with the number of correct answers. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the preference of order and caution in task performance. The results obtained can be used in typing individuals who will perform better at comparing fingerprints.
This paper presents Rasiowa-Sikorski deduction systems (R-S systems) for logics CPL, CLuN, CLuNs and mbC. For each of the logics two systems are developed: an R-S system that can be supplemented with admissible cut rule, and a KE-version of R-S system in which the non-admissible rule of cut is the only branching rule. The systems are presented in a Smullyan-like uniform notation, extended and adjusted to the aims of this paper. Completeness is proved by the use of abstract refutability properties which are dual to consistency properties used by Fitting. Also the notion of admissibility of a rule in an R-S-system is analysed.
Every human being has a cognitive apparatus that he/she uses every day. Due to its limitations, we are susceptible to all kinds of cognitive errors that affect the observation of the world and decision making. Also forensic experts are not immune to external and internal factors that may cause issuing false opinions. The aim of the article is to show the multilevel problem of prevalence and susceptibility to any cognitive biases in the expertise of forensic analysts, and an attempt to systematise the cases described in the latest research works using the pyramid structure of bias sources. As regards the practical aspect of the discussed subject, in some cases solutions were also proposed that could improve the work of experts and contribute to its greater integrity.
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