Considering a scenario where there is a low availability and increasing costs of fertilizers in the global agricultural market, as well as a finitude of important natural resources, such as phosphorus (P), this study tested the effect of the inoculation of rhizospheric or endophytic microorganisms isolated from Hymenaea courbaril and Butia purpurascens on the growth promotion of Glycine max (L.) Merr. The tests were conducted in a controlled greenhouse system, and the effects of biofertilization were evaluated using the following parameters: dry biomass, nutritional content, and photochemical and photosynthetic performance of plants. Seed biopriming was performed with four bacterial and four fungal isolates, and the results were compared to those of seeds treated with the commercial product Biomaphos®. Overall, microbial inoculation had a positive effect on biomass accumulation in G. max, especially in strains PA12 (Paenibacillus alvei), SC5 (Bacillus cereus), and SC15 (Penicillium sheari). The non-inoculated control plants accumulated less nutrients, both in the whole plant and aerial part, and had reduced chlorophyll index and low photosynthetic rate (A) and photochemical efficiency. Strains PA12 (P. alvei), SC5 (B. cereus), and 328EF (Codinaeopsis sp.) stood out in the optimization of nutrient concentration, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Plants inoculated with the bacterial strains PA12 (P. alvei) and SC5 (B. cereus) and with the fungal strains 328EF (Codinaeopsis sp.) and SC15 (P. sheari) showed the closest pattern to that observed in plants treated with Biomaphos®, with the same trend of direction of the means associated with chlorophyll index, (A), dry mass, and concentration of important nutrients such as N, P, and Mg. We recommend the use of these isolates in field tests to validate these strains for the production of biological inoculants as part of the portfolio of bioinputs available for G. max.
The sustainable development of agriculture can be stimulated by the great market availability of bio-inputs, including phosphate-solubilizing microbial strains. However, these strains are currently selected using imprecise and questionable solubilization methodologies in solid or liquid media. We hypothesized that the hydroponic system could be a more efficient methodology for selecting phosphate-solubilizing strains as plant growth promoters. This methodology was tested using the plant Glycine max as a model. The growth-promoting potential of the strains was compared with that of the Biomaphos® commercial microbial mixture. The obtained calcium phosphate (CaHPO4) solubilization results using the hydroponic system were inconsistent with those observed in solid and liquid media. However, the tests in liquid medium demonstrated poor performances of Codinaeopsis sp. (328EF) and Hamigera insecticola (33EF) in reducing pH and solubilizing CaHPO4, which corroborates with the effects of biotic stress observed in G. max plants inoculated with these strains. Nevertheless, the hydroponic system allowed the characterization of Paenibacillus alvei (PA12), which is also efficient in solubilization in a liquid medium. The bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis (PA26) was the most effective in CaHPO4 solubilization owing to the higher phosphorus (P) absorption, growth promotion, and physiological performance observed in plants inoculated with this bacterium. The hydroponic method proved to be superior in selecting solubilizing strains, allowing the assessment of multiple patterns, such as nutritional level, growth, photosynthetic performance, and anatomical variation in plants, and even the detection of biotic stress responses to inoculation, obtaining strains with higher growth promotion potential than Biomaphos®. This study proposed a new approach to confirm the solubilizing activity of microorganisms previously selected in vitro and potentially intended for the bio-input market that are useful in P availability for important crops, such as soybeans.
A dendrometria como indicador para o manejo racional da irrigação ainda vem sendo pauta de discussões nos últimos tempos devido à busca pelo menor consumo hídrico e aumento da eficiência no uso da água pelas culturas agrícolas. Tendo em vista a carência de informações, a presente revisão integrativa teve por objetivo apresentar um estudo sobre as técnicas de dendrometria utilizadas no manejo da irrigação que visam à determinação do consumo hídrico das culturas. Realizou-se um estudo com a coleta de dados a partir de fontes, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e revisão integrativa, tendo como pergunta norteada: as técnicas de dendrometria no manejo da irrigação garantem maior eficiência do uso da água e produção agrícola com menor consumo hídrico? Essas técnicas são baseadas na própria planta com necessidade de precisão na estimativa dos dados gerados e saber interpretá-los tornando um grande desafio no uso da dendrometria. A partir da análise de dados secundários disponíveis na literatura, as técnicas de dentrometria refletem sobre as interações entre a quantidade de água disponível no solo para a planta e a demanda hídrica da atmosfera. Por conseguinte, essas técnicas e outras estão sendo analisadas visando alcançar melhor eficiência do uso da água e a maior produção agrícola com menor consumo hídrico.
The anthropization of the landscape of the Cerrado biome that has occurred over the past few decades has fragmented its natural environments, impacting the connectivity of the plant populations and altering their gene flow. Plant species may also reduce population size in response to sub-optimal climatic and environmental conditions, and observed distribution patterns may align with theoretical schemes, such as the center–periphery model, that is, it is possible that populations on the edge have lower genetic diversity than center populations, theoretically submitted to environmental conditions closer to the optimum. In this context, we evaluate whether the genetic diversity and inbreeding coefficients of Cerrado plant species are affected by landscape features and climate characteristics, and in particular, if the distribution of the genetic diversity of these plants is consistent with the center–periphery model. To do this, we conducted a literature search for genetic studies of Cerrado plant populations using Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo databases and the species found were used as a proxy to explore patterns throughout the biome. The data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) and multiple matrix regressions (MMRRs) to evaluate the effects of landscape features and climatic variables on the observed (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE), allelic richness (AR) and inbreeding (Fis) patterns of the local populations. The landscape was evaluated in terms of the percentage land cover of agriculture (AG), forestry (FO), remnant vegetation (RV), urban areas (UA), pasture (PA), and water (WA) within buffers of 1 km, 3 km, and 5 km around the study populations. We analyzed 121 populations of 31 plant species. The GLMMs showed that HO was affected by FO regardless of buffer size, while HE was also affected by FO, but also by WA and UA. AR was affected by WA and UA in all three buffer zones while the Fis was affected by FO and AU. The MMRRs showed that WA may affect HO, HE, and Fis within the 1 km buffer, while FO affects HO and UA affects AR within the 5 km buffer. In the case of the 1 km and 3 km buffers, however, the geographic distance between populations was identified as a factor determining the genetic diversity and inbreeding indices, indicating that isolation by distance may be an important factor defining the breeding patterns of the Cerrado plant populations. The GLMMs and MMRRs also showed that the mean annual temperature (MAT) and, to a lesser extent, isothermality (ISO) can explain the variation in genetic diversity observed in the Cerrado plant populations. We also found that the center–periphery model fits the distribution pattern observed in most of the species evaluated, including Annona crassiflora,Annona coriacea, Copaifera langsdorffii, and Eugenia dysenterica. Our results indicate that changes in the climate and the landscape of Brazilian Cerrado must be considered carefully to guarantee minimizing the impacts of these processes on the genetic diversity of Cerrado plant species and ensuring the long-term conservation of these species in this biome.
Este artigo relata uma investigação sobre as práticas pedagógicas dos professores da disciplina de Geografia, por meio de estratégias e recursos didáticos com ênfase na educação em solos, na escola Centro de Ensino Quilombola de Formação por Alternância Ana Moreira (CEQFAAM), localizada no povoado Santo Antônio dos Pretos, no município de Codó (MA). Para realização das práticas pedagógicas, foram desenvolvidas várias estratégias didáticas com o uso de ensaios de germinação de sementes, infiltração e retenção de água no solo, a partir de discussões teóricas feitas por meio de execução em sala de aula. Para aplicação das práticas pedagógicas, foram selecionadas duas turmas do 1º ano com 28 alunos cada turma, o que corresponde a um total de 56 alunos. Foi utilizado o método da entrevista semiestruturada como técnica de coleta de dados sobre o uso de materiais didáticos com os dois professores, visando compreender, ao final, a contribuição das atividades desenvolvidas, ou seja, se o uso de ensaios práticos propiciou ou não melhorias no processo de aprendizagem dos alunos. Dentre os resultados, pode-se destacar que, em solos de textura argilosa, os alunos perceberam que a umidade excessiva se prolongou por mais tempo, causando o apodrecimento de sementes. As práticas pedagógicas trouxeram reflexões de maneira diferenciada pela interação escola-família-comunidade, em que o aluno assume o papel central do processo educativo, mantendo, assim, os conteúdos vivenciados na sala de aula e nos ensaios práticos, de forma dinâmica, contextualizada e prazerosa.
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