The fire poses a considerable risk to human safety and, therefore, fire protection is a solution that should be incorporated into the construction system of a building. Composite beams, when subjected to fire, lose strength and stiffness due to the degradation of the mechanical properties of their materials. This paper aims to perform the thermal analysis of steel and concrete composite beams in fire situation. The software ABAQUS Version 6.14 [1] was used to develop numerical methods, whose results were analyzed and compared with the values obtained by the simplified calculation method prescribed in ABNT NBR 14323:2013 [2]. Thereby, the thermal behavior of the composite cross-section and the influence of the material and the type of fire protection were analyzed. The results showed that, for a certain type of protection and size of the metallic profile, the temperatures given by the Brazilian Standard may differ substantially from those obtained by numerical simulation.
The fired-clay ceramic industry generates relatively large amount of wastes mainly bottom ashes remaining in the firing furnaces and broken pieces, known as grog, from inappropriate products. These wastes, if inadequately disposed, may cause pollution associated with environmental degradation as well as health hazards. A viable solution for these wastes is their incorporation in concrete for civil construction, as long as they have pozzolanic activity. Therefore the present work evaluated the pozzolanic activity of three different types of wastes generated at the same ceramic industry. These wastes were a furnace remaining bottom ash from burning wood log, a similar ash from sawdust burning and a grog powder from higher firing temperature broken ceramics. The pozzolanic activity was measured by the electrical conductivity variation method. The results showed that both ashes are not provided with pozzolanic activity while the grog has a moderate activity.
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