Infectious diseases are the critical problems of the world as a result of the emergence of different antimicrobial resistant microorganisms due to several reasons like misuses and repeating uses of antibiotics. Because of this, searching of new treatment method is important from natural substances to against those infectious diseases in both human and animals' aspects. Among those plants, Sida rhombifolia has various roles against those infectious diseases through its different phytochemical components. The objectives of this study were assessing the antibacterial activity of the aqueous-methanol extract of the plant's aerial part and knowing the phytochemical constituents of the plant. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the extract of S. rhombifolia's aerial part possesses flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and quinines. In addition to this, the antibacterial activity of the plant extract was evaluated on five pathogenic bacteria species using agar well diffusion method at different concentrations of plant extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration determinations were done by tetrazolium chloride microtiter dilution assay. The inhibition zone of mean diameters ranging from 0.00 to 7.67mm against all test bacteria was significantly (p<0.05) much less than that of the positive control Chloroamphinicole (30μg/disc) with the range of 14.33mm-15mm of inhibition zone of diameters. The inhibition zones of the tested bacteria at the concentration of 62.5mg/ml were much less than the higher concentration (500mg/ml) and significantly different (p<0.05), whereas the MIC value ranges from 4.62 to 97.22mg/ml and the MBC value ranges from 4.62 to 125.00mg/ml. Even if the plant extract showed antibacterial activity, it was lower than that of other solvent extraction methods; so other solvent extraction methods and fractionates must be conducted to investigate the antibacterial activities of the plant extract on different bacterial strains and species that cause different diseases.

Introduction. Clustered-Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), and CRISPR associated (Cas) protein (CRISPR/Cas) structures were first identified in E. coli in 1987 and guard prokaryotic cells from any invading pathogens, harmful events and plasmids by recognizing and cutting foreign nucleic acid sequences that contain short palindromic repeats spacer sequences. Several genome editing approaches have been developed based on these mechanisms; the most recent is known as CRISPR/Cas. Before the CRISPR technique was revealed in 2012, editing the genomes of plants and animals took many years and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Thus, CRISPR/Cas has attracted significant interest in the scientific community, especially for disease diagnosis and treatment, as it is quicker, less expensive and more precise than other genome editing approaches. The evidence from gene mutations in specific patients generated using CRISPR/Cas can assist in the prediction of the optimal treatment schedule for individual patients and for innovation purposes in other researches like replication in cell culture of coronaviruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2 or COVID-19). However, in numerous situations, the effects of the furthermost significant driver mutations are not yet understood and interpretation of the optimal treatment is impossible. CRISPR/Cas classifications feature highly sensitive and selective tools for the detection of various target genes. When we see the next steps of genomic research, it is obvious that genome-wide association studies are relatively new way to identify the genes involved in human disease. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas provides a tool to manipulate non-coding regions and will thus accelerate examination of these poorly characterized regions of the genome and play a vital role in the progress of whole genome libraries. Aim. We aimed to review the history of CRISPR/Cas, the mechanisms of CRISPR techniques, its current status as a tool for studying both natural mutations and genomic manipulations, and explore how CRISPR/Cas may improve the treatment of diseases.

Introduction: The present trial aimed to investigate invitro anthelminthic activities of selected tropical tanniferous plant extract on egg hatchability and larval development inhibition of Haemonchus contortus in sheep. In view of that, three tropical tanniferous plants Rhus glutinosa, Syzygium guineensa and Albizia gumifera, were selected based on their relative high content of condensed tannins. Methods: In this study, eggs were collected from artificially infected with H. contortus. Then the egg was directly subjected to invitro assay with these condensed tannin-enriched extracts using egg hatchability assay and inhibition of larval development assay. Results: The result showed that extracts from all three tropical tanniferous plants demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.05) dosedependent inhibition of both egg hatchability and larval development. According to IC 50 and IC 90 values, the condensed tannin-enriched extracts inhibiting egg hatching and larval development most potently were Rhus glutinosa followed in descending order of activity by Syzygium guineensa and Albizia gumifera. Discussion: The result of this study showed that these condensed tanninenriched extracts were effective in inhibiting egg hatchability as well as larval development. Therefore, condensed tannin might be recommended as one of the options for the control of H. contortus in sheep.

Background: Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. leaves are used to treat different diseases like ectoparasite infestation, diarrhea, sores, anthrax, fevers, pain, and snake venom. The leaves of Calpurnia aurea were first extracted by methanol and further fractionated with the help of n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate with increasing polarity. Methods: The antibacterial activities of the fractions were evaluated against disease causing bacteria using agar well diffusion. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the fractions were determined by the micro-broth dilution method using tetrazolium salt colorimetric assay. The antioxidant activities of the solvent fractions were determined by phosphomolbedum reduction assay, reducing power assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Results: The average MIC value of C. aurea fractions ranged from 1.95mg/mL to 31.25mg/ mL, 7.81mg/mL to 31.25mg/mL and 13.02mg/mL to 62.5mg/mL, for ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions, respectively. The leaf extracts have a higher antioxidant effect, as shown in the phospho-molbedum reduction assay, reducing power and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Conclusion:The ethyl acetate and dichloromethane fractions revealed significant antibacterial effects against the growth of pathogenic bacteria. However, the n-hexane fraction showed the least antibacterial effect against all of the test bacteria. Furthermore, the nhexane fractions of C. aurea showed higher antioxidant activity.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken in four (4) districts of the West Amhara sub-region of Ethiopia with the aim of assessing the diversity and distribution of serotypes of Pasteurella species, their seroprevalence, and associated risk factors, and knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers toward ovine pasteurellosis. A total of 600 sheep sera were collected using multistage cluster sampling. Each sample was examined for the presence of six (6) serotype-specific antibodies using an indirect haemagglutination test. We are reporting a higher seroprevalence of 90.17% (541/600) in which all seropositive animals were shown to have been co-infected with multiple serotypes. Individual serotype prevalence showed that serotype A7 has the highest prevalence of 77.83% followed by A2 (74.33%), T15 (64%), T4 (62%), PA (60%), and A1 (39.17%). In this study, being female [odds ratio (OR): 2.45, 95% CI (1.09–5.52), p = 0.031] and living in high altitude areas [OR: 20.29, 95% CI (2.54–161.95), p = 0.004] were found to be significantly associated with sero-positivity. A questionnaire survey (n = 384) employed in a face-to-face interview was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers related to ovine pasteurellosis. Accordingly, the majority (72.4%) of respondents had an inadequate knowledge level of the disease. The proportion of farmers with a favorable attitude and good practices toward the disease was 50.26 and 77.6%, respectively. This study is highly indicative that ovine pasteurellosis is a ubiquitous disease in the study area challenging the sheep production sector. The existence of diverse serotypes reported to lack cross-protective immunity is likely to explain why the current vaccination practice with the mono-serotype Pasteurella multocida biotype A vaccine is not providing adequate protection against outbreaks of the disease. Prioritization of one or more serotypes for inclusion in a multivalent vaccine should be dictated by the abundance and distribution of a particular serotype, its clinical importance, and its resultant economic impact. Furthermore, training farmers on key aspects of the disease is vital in the implementation of effective disease management strategies through a participatory approach. Data from the remaining regions of the country could help realize the development of an effective vaccine that works best at the national level.

to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminthes parasites in cattle. A total of 384 randomly selected cattle were sampled and examined using standard coprological procedure. The overall prevalence was 39.8% of gastrointestinal (GI) helminthes and the prevalent helminthes eggs identified were 15.6% Paramphistomum species (spp), 10.4% strongly type eggs, 8.6% Fasciola spp., 3.1% Trichuris species and 2.1% Toxocaraspecies. This result indicated the highest prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. eggs than other helminthes egg and the lowest prevalence of Toxocara species egg. There was statistically significant difference among the age groups in paramphistomum and strongly infection (χ2=24.960, p≤0.001) and (χ2=17.047, p≤0.001) respectively. Higher prevalence rate was shown in 2-5 years age of cattle. Between body conditions there was also significant (p≤0.000 and p≤0.013) difference in paramphistomum and strongly and which was higher in moderate animals and lower in animals with good body condition. Sex had no significant effect on the prevalence of helminthes parasite, except for strongly type of egg. The present study revealed that there is high prevalence of GI helminthes infection in cattle in the study area. Therefore, strategic prevention should be advocated to prevent the problem in and around Kombolcha.

Avian infectious bronchitis virus is a highly contagious disease occurring in respiratory, urogenital, and reproductive tissues of chicken causing considerable losses due to death, egg drop, and reduced production. This preliminary study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and to assess the potential risk factors in chickens of northwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021. A total of 768 serum samples from three zones were collected. To investigate the presence of antibodies against IBV, the indirect ELISA serological test was applied. Positivity for anti-IBV antibodies was observed in 23.96% (95% CI: 20.98–27.14) of the samples. The mixed-effect logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors showed that IBV prevalence was significantly higher in young chickens than adults ( p < 0.001 ) and higher in intensive farm type than in extensive type ( p < 0.001 ). Based on the production purposes of the chickens, the odds of seropositivity for IB was significantly higher in layers than in broilers ( p < 0.001 ) and dual purposes ( p < 0.001 ). This study revealed higher seroprevalence in farms which had the “all-in-all-out” rearing method than in farms with different batches in one house with a significant difference ( p < 0.001 ), higher seroprevalence in the poor ventilated type than in good ones ( p < 0.001 ), and higher seroprevalence in the houses that did not remove used litter at all than houses of completely disposed and partially disposed litter ( p = 0.002 ). Moreover, disinfection of houses had significant effect on the occurrence of IB. Having personal protective equipment was significantly affecting the occurrence of IB, being higher in the farms that have no wearing clothes and shoe than in those having wearing clothes and shoe ( p = 0.002 ). In conclusion, the seroprevalence finding in the present study indicated that the organism is circulating among the population of chickens and high enough to cause significant economic losses Therefore, poultry houses should be cleaned, disinfected, and well ventilated and farm attendants should have separate farm shoe and clothes. Further studies on the virus isolation and molecular characterization of the target gene are needed in the study area.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on parasitic honeybee diseases, pests and predators Lay armachiho and Tach armachiho districts of North Gondar zone from October 2017 to May 2018. The objectives of this study were to assess the different parasitic honeybee diseases, pests and predators. The study mainly involves with the collection of adult honeybee abdominal suspension of wet mount for nosema and amoeba diseases and direct observation of varroa mite and bee louse from adult honey bee and brood cells. Questioner survey was used to know different honeybee pests, predators and agrochemicals in the study area. The SPSS version 20 was used for chi-square test and p-value < 0.05 was taken as statistical significant. During the study period a total of 384 honey bee sample in traditional, modern and transitional hives were examined. The overall prevalence 24.47% (94/384) of hives were found positive for Nosema apis, 17.2% (66/384) foramoeba (malphighamoeba mellificae), 30.5% (117/384) for varroa destructor and 37.5% (144/384) for bee louse (braula cocae). Bee louse was the predominant external parasitic disease in adult honeybees followed by varroa destructor. There was statistically significant variation between Nosema Apis and bee louse observed among the two selected districts and hive types (x 2 =23.5, p-value=0.0001) for bee louse and (x 2 =5.3, p-value=0.071) for Nosema Apis. About the 100 respondents are 46%, 42%, 39%, 35%, 28%, small hive beetle 26% and spider 24% were complaining on the impact of wax moth, chemical spray, skunk, birds, small hive beetle and spiders respectively. They have also responded that pests play a major role on the production loss, damaging of honey bee colony and absconding of the colony. In conclusion, the highest prevalence parasitic honeybee diseases and pests were recorded in the study areas that signify the occurrence of the parasitic burden has to be carried out and immediate intervention was implemented.