IntroductionMitral annulus calcification (MAC) is a common finding on echocardiographic examination. The goal of this study was to evaluate associations between MAC and cardiac abnormalities using a large echocardiographic database.MethodsFor this study we retrospectively reviewed 24,380 echocardiograms performed for clinical reasons between the years 1984 and 1998.ResultsMAC was reported in 1,494 (6.1%) subjects. Using multivariate analysis, age, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), mitral regurgitation (MR), tricuspid regurgitation (TR), aortic stenosis (AS), left atrial (LA) enlargement and reversed E/A ratio were independently associated with MAC.)MAC was noted in 11.7 % of patients with MR vs. 4.3% without MR (OR: 2.0, CI 1.6–2.6, p < 0.0001), in 13.9% of those with TR vs. 4.5% without TR (OR: 3.8, CI 2.9–4.8, p < 0.0001), in 10.6% with LVH vs. 4.2% without LVH (OR: 1.9, CI 1.5–2.4, p < 0.0001), in 14.8% with AS vs. 5.5% without AS (OR: 1.4, CI 1.08–1.9, p = 0.01), in 9.4% with reversed E/A ratio vs. 3.8% without reversed E/A ratio (OR: 1.7, CI 1.4–2.2, p < 0.0001) and in 8.2% with LA enlargement vs. 4.8% without LA enlargement (OR: 1.3, CI 1.06–1.7, p = 0.02).ConclusionIn our study, MAC independently correlated with significant structural heart abnormalities. This suggests that identification of MAC may serve as a marker for other cardiac structural disorders.

on behalf of the INTRINSIC RV Study InvestigatorsBackground-Elevated heart rate (HR) is associated with adverse cardiovascular events and total mortality in the general population and in individuals with heart disease. Our hypothesis was that mean HR predicts total mortality and heart failure hospitalization in patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. Methods and Results-The Inhibition of Unnecessary RV Pacing With AV Search Hysteresis in ICDs (INTRINSIC RV) trial included 1530 patients undergoing ICD implantation. After implantation of a dual-chamber ICD, patients were followed for a mean of 10.4 months. The mean HR for 1436 patients over the follow-up period was determined from device histograms. Patients were grouped into strata by mean HR, and the relationship between the primary end point and mean HR was analyzed with Mantel-Haenszel ordinal 2 tests. Higher intrinsic (unpaced) HR was associated with greater risk of achieving the primary end point of death or heart failure hospitalization (PϽ0.001). Of patients with a mean HR Ͻ75 bpm, 5.8% died or were hospitalized for heart failure, whereas 20.9% with a mean HR Ͼ90 bpm achieved the same end point, a 3.6-fold difference (PϽ0.0001). In a multivariate model with the use of Cox regression, HR was a significant predictor with a hazard ratio of 1.34 (Pϭ0.0001; 95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 1.50), as were age, New York Heart Association functional class, and percent right ventricular pacing, but it was independent of gender and ␤-blocker dosing. When considered as continuous or discrete variables grouped by 5-bpm increments, HR remained a significant predictor. Conclusions-In this ICD population, the mean intrinsic HR was strongly associated with outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration-http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Alternate-day dosing of atorvastatin is an efficacious and safe alternative to daily dosing.