Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles containing a huge number of bioactive molecules. They represent an important means of cell communication, mostly between different cell populations, with the purpose of maintaining tissue homeostasis and coordinating the adaptive response to stress. This type of intercellular communication is important in the cardiovascular field, mainly due to the fact that the heart is a complex multicellular system. Given the growing interest in the role of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases and the numerous studies published in the last few decades, we focused on the most relevant results about exosomes in the cardiovascular filed starting from their characterization, passing through the study of their function, and ending with perspectives for their use in cardiovascular therapies.
We present a review of the determination of residual stresses in materials and components of industrial interest by using the non-destructive technique of neutron diffraction. The fundamental aspects are discussed, together with a brief description of the experimental facilities. Several experimental results are then reported, particularly concerning applications to materials and components for power plants (CrMo steel, AISI304 stainless steel and 2.25Cr1Mo ferritic steel), aerospace and automotive technology (Al alloys, metal matrix composites, nickel superalloy gas-turbine components) and fusion-reactor technology (AISI316L for the first wall). A few thermomechanical treatments are considered, such as welding, cold-expanded holes, thermoelastic coupling and thermal and mechanical fatigue. Moreover, a few applications to general industrial problems are shown, namely brazed ceramic-steel components, coatings and fatigue-cracked samples. In some cases, experimental results are compared with numerical models or results from x-ray diffraction measurements.
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