ZAM is an env-containing member of the gypsy family of retrotransposons that represents a possible retrovirus of invertebrates. In this paper, we traced ZAM mobilization to get information about a potential path a retroelement may take to reach the germ line of its host. In situ hybridization on whole-mount tissues and immunocytochemistry analyses with antibodies raised against ZAM Gag and Env proteins have shown that all components necessary to assemble ZAM viral particles, i.e., ZAM full-length RNAs and Gag and Env polypeptides, are coexpressed in a small set of follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. By electron microscopy, we have shown that ZAM viral particles are indeed detected in this somatic lineage of cells, which they leave and enter the closely apposed oocyte. Our data provide evidence that the vesicular traffic and yolk granules in the process of vitellogenesis play an important role in ZAM transfer to the oocyte. Our data support the possibility that vitellogenin transfer to the oocyte may help a retroelement pass to the germ line with no need of its envelope product.ZAM is a 8.4-kb retroelement that resides within the genome of Drosophila melanogaster (11). On the basis of sequence similarity and gene organization, ZAM is a member of a group of retrotransposons that bears a striking resemblance to the vertebrate retroviruses. These elements are flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs) that direct the transcription of fulllength RNAs representing potential templates for reverse transcription during mobilization. The LTRs flank three open reading frames (ORFs) analogous in position and coding potential to the retroviral gag, pol, and env genes ( Fig. 1). Among the diverse classes of eukaryotic retrotransposons, the presence of a third env-like ORF (ORF3) is unique to ZAM and a small group of other members of this family, including gypsy, 297, 17.6, Idefix, and nomad in D. melanogaster (3,8,14,19,26), tom in Drosophila ananassae (25), Osvaldo in Drosophila buzzatii (15), TED in the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (5), and Yoyo in the medfly Ceratitis capitata (28). An envelope protein expressed in vivo has been identified for only three of these elements (gypsy, tom, and TED) (16,21,24,25), and only one of them, gypsy, has been shown to date to have infectious properties (9,22). Although retroviral Env proteins are known to be involved in viral infectivity through host cell receptor recognition and fusion of viral and cellular membranes, the role of the Env glycoproteins encoded by these elements is still unclear since no budding has ever been visualized for any of them.ZAM was first identified as a spontaneous insertion at the white locus, giving rise to the w IR6RevI allele in a line of D. melanogaster subsequently called RevI (11). This mutation occurred in the course of a massive amplification of ZAM elements in this line due to their mobilization, which remains active in this stock of flies (3). The existence of RevI and its parental line, w IR6 , which displays a low copy number of stable ZAM elemen...