The present in vivo murine study was aimed to investigate the long-term effect of repeated administration of low-dose of the environmental toxicant trichloroethane (TCE) over three weeks on the spleen and peripheral blood cells, and the possible role of oxidative stress in TCE-induced toxicity. The results showed neither adverse clinical signs nor mortality on the TCE-treated mice. However, significant changes were noticed in the spleen of those animals. Grossly, the spleen of TCE-treated group was congested and enlarged (splenomegaly). Histpathologically, the splenic tissues of TCE-treated mice showed signs of toxicity as highly activated germinal centers of the white pulp with minimal apoptotic reaction as well as a prominent megakarocytosis and infiltration of the red pulp by comparatively increased number of eosinophiIs and mature lymphocytes were detected. In addition, lymphocyte numbers were decreased in peripheral blood as well as basophils. In contrast, there was an increase in monocyte numbers in the peripheral circulation. In addition, lipid peroxidation/ malondialdehyde formation, a biomarker of oxidative stress, was significantly induced by TCE treatment in the sera and spleen of mice, suggesting an overall increase in oxidative stress. These results provide further support to a role of oxidative stress in TCE-induced cell death, which could result in an impaired spleen function. This study concludes that attenuation of TCE-induced splenic damage in mice provides an approach for preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
A series of new ortho-phenylenediamine derivatives has been designed. The crystal structure of the post fusion core of 2019-nCoV S2 subunit and perfusion 2019-nCoV spike glycoprotein with a single receptor-binding domain was used as target protein for molecular docking of ortho- phenylenediamine derivatives. in addition a protein-ligand interaction analysis was performed using Auto Dock 4.2 software. Based on the docking score and after three-dimensional similarity analysis, NHM7[(10,10'-((1E,1'E)-(1,2-Phenylenebis(azanylylidene)) bis(methanylylidene)) bis(anthracen-9(8aH)-one)] had the highest binding energy. The calculated binding energy of ortho- phenylenediamine indicates effective binding of proposed inhibitors to the fusion core of 2019-nCoV S2 subunit and pre-fusion 2019-nCoV spike glycoprotein with a single receptor-binding domain.
Ciguatoxin (CTX) is a polyether neurotoxin compound produced by microalgae (dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus spp). The toxin is accumulated and transformed throughout the sea food chain causing many life-threatening neurological problems in Libya and other Mediterranean and North African countries and eventually may cause death. The plant species Echium angustifolium which is locally known as “Hannet Al-Aggrab” contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids and other constituents that are known for their numerous biological activities. For treatments of ciguatera fish poisoning the plant has not been studied so far in the Mediterranean and North Africa regions. In the present study, Echium angustifolium aqueous extract was evaluated for its ability to reduce or revoke the effect of ciguatoxins in mice. Molecular docking and in vivo animal studies were performed in order to determine the potential effect of Echium angustifolium aqueous extract against ciguatoxicity. The content of Echium angustifolium extract was evaluated using molecular modeling against ciguatoxin on sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) voltage-gated channels. Hesperetin was found the most active compounds with a Gibbs energy of -8.5Kcal/mol. For K+ voltage-gated channels was ellagic acid which was the most active compounds with a Gibbs energy of -9.0Kcal/mol. Our results revealed that Echium angustifolium constituents form hydrogen bonds with active sites of Na+ and K+ channels and protect the mice from ciguatoxin toxicity with a statistically significant difference of the extract compared to controls with p value less than 0.01. We propose that Echium angustifolium constituents can be used to prevent ciguatoxin toxicity. Further chemical synthesis of analogues and in vivo studies will be necessary to substantiate the obtained results.
Background and Aim: Vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection may be considered a promising way for reduction of the pandemic. Many different vaccines have become obtainable for use in many countries. The present study aims to evaluate the immune response and the safety of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine on 14 days old mice. Materials and Methods:Our experimental study was performed on two weeks old mice, selected by random allocation. The mice were divided into three groups of 12. Group one received asingle dose of 0.5 ml Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, group two received two doses of 0.5 ml Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine, and group three (control) received two doses of 0.5 ml of 0.9 % NaCl. Results: Our study shows that Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine is safe and induces good immunity in young mice. Conclusions: The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine was safe and immunogenic in 14 days old mice. The two doses of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine elicit a safe antibody response in young mice. Further post-marketing toxicity studies are required to assess potential hazards for children to evaluate the histopathological characteristics.
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