INTRODUCTION Malnutrition is one of the major problems in which the physical function of an individual is impaired to the point that it can no longer maintain adequate body processes such as growth, physical work, and resistance to or recovery from disease. Malnutrition is associated with a low economic situation, and poor personal and environmental hygiene. Recent studies found that the centre of the problem is the backward socioeconomic development of the country. The level of the healthcare services in Ethiopia is low, even when compared to sub-Sahara African countries. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of malnutrition and associated factors among pregnant women and lactating mothers in the Miesso Health Centre, Miesso Woreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 February to 30 May 2017, among pregnant women and lactating mothers in Miesso Woreda. A sample of 304 women was selected using a systematic random sampling approach from the list of patients, with different sociodemographic status. RESULTS Our results showed that among all pregnant women and lactating mothers, 12.6% were overweight and 30.3% were underweight. From multiple logistic regression analysis, family incomes (AOR=2.056, 95% CI: 1.051-4.023) and age of women (AOR=2.169, 95% CI: 1.015-4.634) were significantly associated with the nutritional status of the study participants. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that authorities should: facilitate the rural-urban community's access to information on nutrition including eating-practices sanitation; initiate a health and development program during pregnancy and lactation; expand women's education on diet during pregnancy and lactation.

Exclusive breastfeeding can be defined as a practice whereby the infants receive only breast milk and not even water, other liquids, tea, herbal preparations, or food during the first six months of life, with the exception of vitamins, mineral supplements, or medicines [2]. During infancy and early childhood adequate nutrition is essential to ensure the growth, health, and development of children to their full potential. It has been recognized worldwide that breastfeeding is beneficial for both the mother and child, as breast milk is considered the best source of nutrition for an infant [3]. Breastfeeding is associated with significant health benefits for children. These benefits are wide ranging, including lower incidence of asthma, allergy and respiratory illnesses, fewer infections of the gastrointestinal tract, middle ear and urinary tract with consequently lower rates of hospitalizations [4]. A study done at US (2006) was the first to document decreased risk for respiratory tract infection, particularly recurrent otitis media (ROM), in children who are fully breastfed for 6 vs. 4 months. The findings add to growing evidence that breastfeeding benefits are dose and duration responsive and support

Background: Menstrual hygiene management has not received adequate attention in the reproductive health sectors in developing countries which in turn contribute to poor menstrual hygiene practices in these countries. Objectives: To assess menstrual hygiene practices and associated factors among adolescent female students in Batu high schools in Batu town, East Showa, Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 25 to June 25, 2017, G.C, in Batu Town. A total of 310 adolescent's girls 'were participated in the study. Participants were selected by systematic sampling technique in every Kth = 9th. Result: Majority 218 (79.6%) of the adolescents have heard about menstruation before menarche, and the main sources of information about menstruation were 166 (60.6%) from friends. Majority of the participants 183(66.8%) practiced good menstrual hygiene, and 250 (91.2%) of adolescent girls were using sanitary pads as menstrual absorbent, while 10 (3.6%) were using a piece of clothes. A significant association was found between residence (P=0.001), parents' educational status (P=0.008), religion (P=0.001), family monthly income (P=0.019), types of sanitary materials (P=0.006) and menstrual hygiene practices. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study has highlighted the need of adolescent girls to have accurate and adequate information about menstruation and its appropriate management. Formal as well as informal channels of communication such as mothers, sisters, and friends, need to be emphasized for the delivery of such information. BACKGROUNDA woman goes through several developmental milestones that greatly influence her reproductive health. Menarche, which is the establishment of menstruation, is one of these milestones. Menstruation is part of the female reproductive cycle that starts when girls become sexually mature at the time of puberty. It is a phenomenon unique to the females. During a menstrual period, a woman bleeds from her uterus via the vagina. The menstrual rhythm depends on the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian function whereas the amount of blood loss depends upon the uterine contraction. The menstrual period lasts from three to seven days. Each period commences approximately every 28 days if the woman does not become pregnant during a given cycle. A deviation of two or three days from the twenty-eight-day rhythm is quite common (Aid, 2009, Desalegn T, 2009). The human body experiences many physiological changes in its transition from childhood to adulthood.

Onchocerciasis is a filarial disease caused by onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by a black fly. Onchocerciasis is a killer of livestock and wild animals so Onchocerciasis prevention and control is helpful for health planners and health educators providing basic information to focus on its prevention and control. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of onchocerciasis prevention and control in Becho woreda, Illu Ababora, Oromia regional state, south west Ethiopia, 2018. Community based cross sectional study design was employed through systematic sampling technique. The data were collected from every seven houses after randomly selecting the first house from 1 to 7 until calculated sample size reached. A total of 322 households included in the study. A structured questionnaire was used for gathering the data. Data was coded, entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. Out of 322 respondents; 177(59%) were male and 123(41%) were female. The response rate was 300(93%) and the age of respondents ranged from 18-60 years and the majority were 26-45 years with the mean age of 31 years. The study showed that only 59(19.7%) of the total respondents knew the right cause of onchocerciasis and majority of them 233(77.7%) responded that black fly is the cause of the disease. Of the study population, 66% had poor knowledge, 4.7% had unfavorable attitude and 77.3% of them had unsafe practice. As in the result, the study undergone on onchocerciasis prevention and control program showed that; of the study population, 66% had poor knowledge, 4.7% had unfavorable attitude and 77.3% of them had unsafe practice.

Introduction: Globally, the most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency, which is responsible for about half of anemia cases in pregnancy, and it is estimated that in developed countries 38% of pregnant women have iron depletion. In developing countries, the major causes of anemia in pregnancy are nutritional deficiencies, parasitic infestations, HIV infection, hemorrhage and some chronic medical disorders like renal and hepatic diseases. Recent statistics indicate that anemia affects 57% of pregnant women globally with the highest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Anemia is an indicator of nutritional deficiencies that significantly contribute to birth defects, preterm labour and low birth weight, hence it causes global public health problem. Despite interventions of treating and preventing maternal anemia, still many pregnant women are affected by anemia related health problems and the contributing factors. Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice on prevention of Iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care unit at public Hospitals of Harar town, eastern Ethiopia from March, 12-April 06, 2018. Method & materials: The study was done in Harar town on the public hospitals from March 12-April 12, 2018. The study design was institutional based cross sectional study. By using a single population formula & by making a correction formula our sample size was 128, which the pregnant women was select by simple random sampling from each Hospitals after proportional allocated based on the total sample size. The data was collected using close ended semi-structured questioners by trained 4 diploma nurses with 1 supervisor. For processing & analyzing SPSS version 20 was used & the data were presented by table, graph & chart using frequency & percentage of the results. Result: according to our study form total N=158 most 68% had no(Iron deficiency anemia) IDA, but 32% had IDA, most of them heard about anemia, most define anemia, knew cause & prevention method 75(58.6%), most had positive perception on consumption of folic acid, family planning, feed regular meal, also related to practice most take 76(59.4%) folic acid on current pregnancy, 72(56.3%) feed fiber rich food. Discussion: In our study the prevalence anemia shows 32% which indicate less than study done in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz, Egypt, Jordan, higher than Armenia & Moldova this may due to sample size & study area difference. Similar study in Sierra Leone among the 185 subjects, majority (89.2%) had heard about anemia. Which is comparable to our study, 68.1% recognized lack of iron in food as the cause for anemia, which is low in our study. About 69.7% pointed that consuming iron rich foods could prevent anemia, in our study it is less. Conclusion and recommendation: according to our study the prevalence of IDA were low, this may related to most had knew, had positive attitude and practice method use to prevent iron deficiency anemia. But there were 32% with IDA so to prevent this strengthens health educatio...