This paper aims to investigate the likely e ects of geogrid reinforcement con guration on the bearing capacity of footings. Using geogrid reinforcement layers with certain total areas in various uniform and non-uniform arrangements, the bearing capacities of footing models on reinforced sand beds were determined and compared. The rst arrangement was the conventional uniform layout in which three geogrid layers of equal dimensions were considered. In the second group, the same amount of geogrids was used in a trapezoidal pro le in which smaller sized geogrids were placed at upper layers and the geogrid dimensions increased with embedment depth. The third group consisted of arrangements in which the same amount of geogrids was used in an inverse trapezoidal layout, i.e. the layer sizes decreased with embedment depth. The e ect of soil density on the footing performance was also investigated. The tests results indicated that in all soil densities, the greatest bearing capacities were obtained for the sand beds reinforced with inverse trapezoidal reinforcement layouts, while the least bearing capacities were determined for trapezoidal arrangements. The improvement ratio of bearing capacity due to geogrid reinforcement varied from 1.8 to 5.35 depending on the reinforcement layout and the sand bed density.
In view of development and repair costs, support of structures is imperative. Several factors, for example, design and calculation errors, absence of appropriate installation, change of structures application, exhaustion, seismic tremor, fire and natural conditions diminish their strength. In such cases, structures have need of rehabilitation and restoration to achieve their original performance. One of the most up to date materials for retrofitting is carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) that can provide an amount of restriction to postpone buckling of thin steel walls. This paper provides a numerical and experimental investigation on CFRP strengthened short steel tubes with initial horizontal and vertical deficiency under compression. Ten square and circular specimens were tested to study effects of the following parameters: (1) position of deficiency, horizontal or vertical; (2) tube shape, square or circular; (3) CFRP strengthening. In the experiments, axial static loading was gradually applied and for the numerical study three-dimensional (3D) static nonlinear analysis method using ABAQUS software was performed. The results show that deficiency reduces load-bearing capacity of steel columns and the impact of horizontal deficiency is higher than the impact of vertical deficiency, in both square and circular tubes. Use of CFRP materials for strengthening of short steel columns with initial deficiency indicates that fibers play a considerable role on increasing load bearing capacity, reducing stress at the damage location, preventing deformation caused by deficiency and delaying local buckling. Both numerical and experimental outcomes are in good agreement, which underlines the accuracy of the models adopted.
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